일차 의원의 항생제와 주사 처방 행태에 영향을 끼치는 요인

Thesis(masters) --서울대학교 보건대학원 :보건학과(보건정책관리학전공),2009.8.Maste

Techno-economic analysis of butanol production from lignocellulosic biomass by concentrated acid pretreatment and hydrolysis plus continuous fermentation

A techno-economic analysis was conducted to validate the commercial viability of commercial-scale lignocellulosic bio-butanol production by pretreatment and hydrolysis using concentrated sulfuric acid, and a continuous fermentation. The process was simulated using Aspen Plus (R), and the data was based on the results of laboratory and pilot plant operation, and demonstration plant design. The production cost and minimum butanol selling price (MBSP) for a base case of 40,000 t/y plant capacity and 60 $/t bone dry based feedstock price are determined. In addition, sensitivity analysis on minimum butanol selling price (MBSP) is conducted by changing single parameter of discount cash flow rate of return (DCFROR) and by changing multiple parameters conjoint feedstock price (from 10 to 60$/t in increments of 10 $/t), plant capacity (from 40,000 to 80,000$/t in increments of 20,000 t/y), and equity rate (from 20 to 100% in increments of 20%). The MBSP was determined to be 2668 $/t at the base case, and 2139$/t when capacity is doubled (from 40,000 t/y to 80,000 t/y). Production cost should be reduced approximately 55% in oder to secure commercial viability. This study suggests R&D and business strategies to enhance the commercial viability of lignocellulosic bio-butanol technology.This work was partly supported by the Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea under the Wastes to Energy Technology Development Program in the R&D Center for Organic Wastes to Energy Business (Project No.: 2013001580001) and by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE), Republic of Korea under the Energy Technology Development Program, study on Development of Optimization for Domestic Application Improvement of E3 Level Transport Biofuels (Project No.: 20163010092160). Further support provided by GS Caltex, Corp., Republic of Korea is appreciated

Linear stability analysis for q-profile validation in sawtoothing KSTAR plasmas

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Slow sawtooth crash driven by electron cyclotron current drive in KSTAR plasma

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Study of Core MHD Structures and Slow Crashes in Modified Sawtooth Patterns Driven by Localized Electron Cyclotron Heating and Current drive in KSTAR plasma

DoctorIn thermonuclear fusion tokamak plasma, fusion born alpha particles with the kinetic energy on the order of 1~10 MeV enhance not only fusion reaction via heating of the fuel ions, but can also drive a large amount of current and affect the plasma confinement. The core of tokamak plasma with large electric current become unstable to m = 1 internal kink mode, which results in sawtooth-like periodic collapses (relaxations) of the confinement of the plasma core region. The sawtooth oscillation has been considered as dangerous MHD instability because of fast collapse (10s of μs) driven by the m = 1 internal kink mode, despite its expected beneficial role in making steady-state burning plasma by preventing impurity accumulation in the core region. In KSTAR plasmas, we find that localized electron cyclotron heating and current (ECCD) drive close to the q = 1 surface can induce slow sawtooth relaxations with time scale comparable to the Sweet-Parker time scale (a few ms). In ECCD deposition scan experiments, two different types of slow relaxation are revealed: (1) post-damping of an m = 1 mode after partial crash of multiple m/n = 1/1 modes and (2) slow growth of a q = 1 island. For these two slow relaxations, the heating deposition is located just inside and just outside the q = 1 surface, respectively. In the heating power modulation experiment, we found that the slow relaxations of the second type initiated by a short ECCD beam blip continue for the duration of the redistribution time of the driven current, which exceeds the sawtooth period. In a set of experiments of ECCD deposition scan and power modulation, high-resolution quai-3D electron cyclotron emission (ECE) images showed detailed features of core MHD dynamics. We classified distinct features of spatial structure and temporal dynamics of the core MHD modes in four different sawtooth patterns, and explained the expected manifestation of such MHD dynamics in the details of waveform and oscillation pattern of 1-D ECE time traces. Since 1-D measurements of plasma parameters are essential to the real time diagnosis and control of the tokamak plasma, the present thesis work is expected to contribute to development of real-time sawtooth control in fusion plasma

Localized heating and current drive on slow sawtooth crash

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Study of ECCD driven core instabilities in KSTAR H-mode plasma

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