A Study on craft as work for artification of everyday life and independence

본 연구의 목적은 일상의 예술화와 자립을 위한 노동으로서의 공예를 통하여 현대 산업자본주의사회에서 공예의 사회적 의미와 필요성을 인식하는 데 있으며, 이를 통하여 공예 교육의 새로운 개념적 기반을 제시하는 것이다. 본 연구의 초점은 다음과 같다. (1) 현대 산업자본주의사회에서 자립은 왜 필요하며, 자립을 가능하게 하는 노동의 교육적 의미는 무엇인가? (2) 자립과 일상의 예술화를 가능하게 하는 공예의 사회적 의미와 필요성은 무엇이며, 이러한 공예는 현실적으로 가능한 것인가? (3) 자립과 일상의 예술화를 위한 노동으로서 공예교육의 필요성과 이를 위한 공예교육의 발전 방안은 무엇인가? 현대 산업자본주의사회에서 인간은 스스로 행하는 기쁨을 잃고 있으며, 사회 시스템에 의존적으로 변하고 있다. 인간 본래의 자율성을 되찾아 삶을 주체적으로 영위하기 위해서는 내면적인 능동성의 회복을 통한 자립이 필요하다. 스스로 행하는 노동으로서의 공예를 통하여 인간은 기계에 의해 빼앗긴 노동의 창조적인 기쁨을 체험하고, 자립의 능력을 회복할 수 있다. 또한 자신의 일상을 예술적으로 가꾸어 일상의 예술화를 이룩할 수 있다. 일상의 예술화와 자립을 가능하게 하는 공예는 판매를 목적으로 하는 상업적인 공예가 아닌 스스로를 위한 비상업적인 공예로 모든 사람들이 자율적인 노동으로 자신의 삶의 환경을 변화시킬 수 있는 공예이다. 최근 미디어와 도구의 발달은 일반인들도 쉽게 공예품을 제작 할 수 있는 환경을 제공해주고 있으며, 친환경적인 공예의 특징으로 일반인들의 공예에 대한 관심이 더욱 증가하고 있다. 이를 위한 체계적인 교육의 역할 또한 중요해지고 있다. 창조적인 정신활동과 자주적인 노동이 결합된 공예교육을 통하여 학생들은 예술적인 체험으로서 노동의 가치를 배우게 될 것이고, 생활 속에서 공예를 실천할 수 있는 기반을 마련하게 될 것이다. 구체적으로 교육내용 측면에서의 개선방안과 전반적인 공예교육의 발전방안을 제시하면 다음과 같다. 교육내용의 개선방안은 첫째 공예의 현대적 의미를 포함하는 공예의 개념이 제시되어야 하고 둘째, ‘쓰임’이 고려된 공예 교과 내용이 구성되어야 하며 셋째, 실생활에 활용할 수 있도록 구체적으로 학습내용이 구성되어야 한다. 넷째, 미술교과서에서 공예교육과정이 확대되어야 한다. 전반적인 공예교육의 발전방안은 첫째, 자립과 일상의 예술화를 가능하게 하는 공예에 대한 교사와 학습자의 인식변화가 필요하며 둘째, 현대적 의미를 내포하고 있는 자율노동으로서의 공예를 위한 교재가 개발되어야 한다. 셋째, 가정교과나 환경교과 등 타 교과와의 연계를 통한 영역의 확장이 필요하며 넷째, 공예교육을 위한 공간의 확보와 시설 마련을 위한 제도적인 지원이 밑받침되어야 한다. 마지막으로 생활 공예를 전문적으로 연구하고 보급할 수 있는 비상업적인 목적의 전문연구기관이 마련되어 스스로 행하는 기쁨을 체험할 수 있는 생활 속 공예의 지속적인 연구와 보급으로 대중적인 공예문화의 활성화가 이루어져야 할 것이다.;The purpose of this study is to recognize the social meanings and necessity of craft in modern industrial capitalist society through the craft as work for artification of everyday life and independence, and then to present a new conceptual basis for craft education through this. The foci of this study are as follows. (1) Why independence is necessary in modern industrial capitalist society, and what educational meaning does work has that makes independence possible? (2) What are the meanings and necessity of craft that makes independence and artification of everyday life, and is such craft possible in reality? (3) What are the necessity of the education of craft as work for independence and artification of everyday life and plans for the activation of craft education? In modern industrial capitalist society, human beings are losing the joy of doing by themselves, and are changed to be dependent of social systems. In order for them to recover the original human autonomy and lead a subjective life, independence is necessary through recovery of internal activeness. Through craft as work done by oneself, human beings can experience the creative pleasure of work taken away by machinery, and recover the ability to be independent. Also, they can achieve the artification of everyday life by cultivating their own daily lives artfully. The craft that makes artification of everyday life and independence is not the commercial craft that takes sales as its purpose but is that which is non-commercial on humans’own and with which everyone can change his/her life environment by autonomous work. Recently, the development of media and instruments provides environment in which common people can easily engage themselves in craft making, and they increasingly have interest in craft due to the pro-environmental properties of craft. Thus, the role of systematic education for this becomes more important. Through creative mind activities and craft education combined with independent work, students will learn the value of work as artistic experience, and be provided with a basis for practicing craft within life.Ⅰ. 서론 = 1 A. 연구의 목적 = 1 B. 연구의 내용 = 2 C. 용어의 정리 = 3 Ⅱ. 현대사회에서의 자립과 노동 = 7 A. 현대사회에서의 자립 = 7 B. 현대사회에서의 노동 = 12 C. 자립을 위한 노동과 교육 = 23 Ⅲ. 일상의 예술화와 공예 = 31 A. 일상과 예술 = 31 B. 일상의 예술로서 공예 = 35 C. 일상의 예술로서 공예의 시대적 당위성 = 43 Ⅳ. 일상의 예술화와 자립을 위한 공예교육 = 52 A. 일상의 예술화와 자립을 위한 공예교육의 의의 = 52 B. 한국 공예교육의 현황 = 54 C. 공예교육의 발전 방향 = 86 Ⅴ. 결론 = 94 참고문헌 = 96 부록 = 101 Abstract = 10

Roles of p38 and c-jun in the differentiation, proliferation and immortalization of normal human endometrial cells

Thesis (master`s)--서울대학교 대학원 :수의학과 수의공중보건학전공,2004.Maste

Mutagenicity Studies on Nonspecific Immunostimulator BARODON？

A nonspecific immunostimulator BARODON/sup (R)/ was tested for mutagenicity using Ames Salmonella tester strains TA98, TA1 00, TA 102, TA 1535 and TA 1537 with or without metabolic activation (59 mix). None of the fresh species showed mutagenicity. In the reverse mutation test using Salmonella phimurium TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535 and TA1537 did not increase the number of revertants at all doses tested (5, 2.5 or 1.25 mg/ml). Chromosome aberration test was carried out in Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cell line. The cells were treated with BARODON/sup (R)/ (1, 0.5 or 0.25 mg/ml), while positive control group was treated with Mitomycin C (0.1 mg/ml). The results show that there is no statistically significant difference between positive control and treatment groups. In mouse micronucleus test, there was significant increase in the ratio of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte (MNPCE) in the high dose group (10% BARODON/sup (R)/), while there is no significance between control and low (2.5% BARODON/sup (R)/) or middle (5% BARODON/sup (R)/) dose groups. Taken together, this results suggest that below 5% BARODON/sup (R)/ might not have mutagenic potential in vitro and vivo systems.N

Eye Irritation, Skin Irritation and Skin Sensitization Tests for Nonspecific Immunostimulator BARODON/sup (R)/

Two local irritation and skin sensitization studies of nonspecific immunostimulator, BAR-ODON/sup (R)/ were carried out with New Zealand White rabbits and Hartley guinea pigs. In skin irritation test of male New Zealand White rabbits, body weights were not significantly changed and there were no responses after treatment for 24 or 72 hours and the Primary irritation index (P.1.1.) was0. And, in the eye irritation test, there were chemosis in some of rabbits. One of 3 rabbits in washing group was detected chemosis after 24 and 72 h following treatment and 2 of 6 rabbits in non-washing group were detected chemosis after 24h and 7 days following treatment. Therefore, total score is4after 24 h and2after 72 h following treatment by conforming articlesome blood vessel are clearly hyperemic. However evaluation value is non-irritant because M.O.I. (Mean ocular irritation index) score is below during the all experimental period and no significance through individuals and exposure time. In skin sensitization, the score of skin reaction was graded 1 with 0% sensitization rate. Taken together, these results indicate that BARODON/sup (R)/ may be non-irritant material.N

Subcutaneous Toxicity Study of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk in Rats

To evaluate influence of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk extract on rat,Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk extract was diluted with 0.9% saline (100 mg/ml/kg,10 mg/ml/kg, and 1 mg/ml/kg, respectively), and each of diluted test material extract was daily treatedsubcutaneously for 4 weeks and single-treated subcutaneously for 2 weeks. There were no significan-ces in body weight analysis, urinary analysis, and ophthalmological test. However, in serum biochemi-cal analysis and hematological analysis, we found some significances in high and middle dose groupcompared with control group. These significances in serum biochemical analysis and hematologicalanalysis may be not induced by test material, because it was not found to be significant from controlgroup in histopathological examination. Therefore, it was concluded that NOEL (No Observed EffectLevel) of test material extract may be higher than all treatment doses used in this study, and Saposh-nikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk extract may be a non-toxic material.N

Single and Four-Week Subcutaneous Toxicity Studies of a Bee Venom Extracts (F1, F3) In Rats

This study was performed to evaluate single and repeated-dose toxicities of BeVenom Extracts (F1, F3) in Spraque-Dawley. F1 was injected subcutaneously to rat at dose levels of0, 0.0002, 0.002, 0.02 mg/kg/day for single-dose toxicity study and repeated-dose toxicity study. F3was injected subcutaneously to rat at dose level of 0, 0.003, 0.03, 0.3 mg/kg/day for single-dose toxic-ity study and repeated-dose toxicity study. In both studies, there were no dose related changes inmortality, clinical sign, body weight change, food and water consumption, opthalmoscopy, organweights, urine analysis, biochemical examination, and hematological findings of all animals treatedwith Bee Venom (F1, F3). Gross and histopathological findings revealed no evidence of specific toxic-ity related to Bee Venom (F1, F3). These results suggest that the subcutaneous NOEL (No ObservedEffect Level) of Bee Venom (F1, F3) may be over F1 - 0.02 mg/kg, F3 - 0.3 mg/kg.N

Toxicity study of GC-100X in rats and beagles

Because cleaning products are part of our everyday lives, it is essential that they should not present significant risks to health. However, many petrochemicals in most soaps and detergents can be absorbed through the scalp and skin and, over time, accumulate in the organs and tissues. This accumulation may result in brain, nerve, and liver damage. Therefore, it is interested in developing non-harmful detergent. According to Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, GC-100X may be non-harmful and non-corrosive alkaline ionic water (pH 12). It is composed of hydroxyl radicals and supplemented with xylitol. To evaluate influence of GC-100X on rats and beagles, GC-100X was diluted with distilled water (25%, 50%, and 100% solution respectively). Each of diluted GC-100X was daily treated per oral. In body weight analysis, urinary analysis, ophthalmological test and autopsy, we did not find any significance, but in serum biochemical analysis and hematological analysis, we found some significances in middle dose group compared with control group. These significances in serum biochemical analysis and hematological analysis may be not induced by GC-100X, because it was not found to be significant from control group in histopathological examination. Thus, it is concluded that NOEL(No Observed Effect Level) of GC-100X may be higher than all treatment doses used in this study, and GC-100X may be a non-toxic detergent.N

Antigenicity Study of Nonspecific Immunostimulator BARODONⓡ

The antigenicity of nonspecific immunostimulator BARODONⓡ, a newly developed drug, was investigated by tests for passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and active systemic anaphylaxis (ASA) in mice and guinea pigs. In ASA test using guinea pigs, there were no significant clinical symptoms in all individuals of low(0.3%) and high(3%) dose of both groups treated with only BARODONⓡ and cotreated with BARODONⓡ and adjuvant group. In PCA test, blue spots of Evan's were observed from 26 to 210 in homologous group and from 22～25 dilution rate in heterologous group of BSA treated positive control group. However, intradermal sensitization with antiserum obtained from low (0.3%) and high (3%) dose of BARODONⓡ only treatment group and treated-with-adjuvant group, followed by intravenous injection of respective antigen and Evan's blue mixture (1:1) showed no blue spot observed. In conclusion, BARODONⓡ, as showed in ASA and PCA test, did not cause anaphylatic shock when treated 3 and 10 times higher than clinically intended dose, nor induce IgE, so that might not have antigenic properties in mice and guinea pigs.N