教育原理のグループ研究について

Articledepartmental bulletin pape

Labor Exchange System in Sinhalese Agrarian Settlements

This article analyzes reciprocal labor exchange in Sinhalese agrarian settlements in Matale District of Sri Lanka. Labor exchange is defined here as the exchange of labor in which assistance has to be more or less precisely reciprocated by that of the same kind and quantity in a short time period, e.g., one day of plowing assistance for one day of plowing assistance during a cultivation season. Labor exchange in peasant agriculture is usually organized by individual households to achieve an optimal mobilization of labor for certain agricultural operations. This mobilization results both in minimizing the costs (drudgery and wages) of peasant production and in maximizing the exploitation of household labor. Except in a few cases, any symbolic expression of particular socio-cultural messages between the host and the helper is of secondary importance. Labor exchange is thus a kind of economic exchange in a neoclassical sense. However, since the rate of exchange is institutionally fixed at one for the precise reciprocity, it is of course not governed by market mechanisms. In other words, although exchange labor is a scarce resource, particularly during the times of peak demand for labor in peasant agricultural production, the difference between demand and supply of exchange labor is not mediated with varying rates of exchange. As a consequence, the following two questions must be examined to understand labor exchange behavior. The first is how the difference between demand and supply of exchange labor is mediated at the individual household level. The second is how the flow of exchange labor is determined in a locality. However, few studies in anthro- pology and mainstream economics have examined these questions, because their models and concepts have not been developed to analyze reciprocal economic behavior, such as the labor exchange discussed here. It is in this context that labor exchange in Sinhalese agrarian settlements is examined in this article. I attempt to analyze labor exchange behavior as a maximization (or economization) process in peasant agricultural production within the wider political-economic setting of Sri Lanka. The empirical focus is on the decision making process regarding labor exchange and complementary labor mobilization, in order to understand the causes and consequences of the choices that the peasant households make to meet the demand for labor mobilization. For this purpose, the natural decision making approach is employed here, together with ethnographic observation. The bulk of empirical analyses on various phases of labor exchange shows that at the individual household level the difference between demand and supply of exchange labor is largely mediated through exploration for exchange labor, in which each household forms a relatively fixed network of labor exchange and (often competitively) organizes it within the network. It further shows that the relative degree of tolerance of imbalance in labor exchange affects both the mediation between demand and supply of exchange labor at the individual household level and the flow of exchange labor in the locality. Based on the above analyses and findings, this article finally argues that labor exchange, rooted in history and custom as a pre-capitalist mode of labor organization, cannot be regarded simply as a cultural lag or hangover from a precapitalist economy; labor exchange is rather an adaptive response made by peasant households to their current ecological, economic and social conditions. This further suggests that the model presented here, although an empirical model of labor exchange in Sinhalese peasant agriculture, will guide research endeavor on various kinds of reciprocal economic exchange yet to be examined.departmental bulletin pape

ターンブラリンガ ノ ハッテン ト 13セイキ トウナン アジア ノ コマーシャル ブーム

The state of Tambralinga (Danmaling), located around Nakhon Sithammarat in the central Malay peninsula, grew enormously during the 13th century. It is first mentioned in the Daoyizazhi (1270s) as having broughttribute to the Southern Song in 1196. During the reign of Candrabanu (Chaiya inscription of 1230) it advanced into Sri Lanka (1247-62), placing the northern part of the island under its rule, and also fought with the king of Pandya in southern India. According to the Dadenanhaizhi (1304), Danmaling was one of the leading powers of Southeast Asiaalong with Zhancheng (Champa), Zhenla (Khmer) and Shepo (Java), and theentire Malay peninsula fell within itssphere of influence. But Tambralinga\u27s growth did not continue for long, and as Malayu, backed by Java, advanced from the south and the newly emerging state of Xian (or maritime Siam) advanced from the north, it fell intooblivion in the course of theensuing conflict. By the second half of the 14th century, Java (Majapahit) too had recognized Nakhon Sithammarat as belonging to Siam. In accounts of Southeast Asianhistory, Java, Cambodia, Burmaand the Straits of Malacca (especially Srivijaya in the 7th to 8th centuries and Melaka in the 15th century) often play the leading roles, whereas the central Malay peninsula occupies only a secondary position. But in the 13th century Tambralinga was one of the leading players, and its military advance into Sri Lanka was a rareexample of an advance across the sea to anotherregion by a Southeast Asian power. What brought aboutthis enormous growth experienced by Tambralinga? M. Jacq-Hergoualc\u27h, inhis recent opus on the ancient and medieval history of the Malay peninsula (2002: 391-441), attributes itto the commercial boom of the 12th and 13th centuries. It is necessary to examine this commercial boom in greater detail, for judging from the discoveries of trade ceramics it was a phenomenonnot confined to the central Malay peninsula, but also to be observed widely throughout insular Southeast Asia. This raises the question of why this commercial boom should have benefited the central Malay peninsula in particular. Behind the rise of Tambralinga, beside theexpanding influence of China, was an increase in Southeast Asia\u27s own economic importance, accompanied by growing ties with Sri Lankaby way of Theravada Buddhism and the Pali language. Another factor may have been changes in the role of the Straits of Malacca. Whereas their former function as a centre of trade and maritime traffic had allowed the old piracy-based Sanfoqi to thrive, as described in the Lingwaidaida and Zhufanzhi, since the decline of Sanfoqi the Straits had become no more than a maritime passageway, opening the way for the rise of a different kind of state on the peninsula

Monetary policy and stock market returns: impulse response analysis

本稿では、インパルス反応分析を使い、わが国における金融政策が株式収益率に与える効果について分析した。インパルス反応はコールレート(あるいは日銀当座預金残高)やマネタリーベース、株式収益率、生産指数、インフレ率などを含むVARモデルから計算されたものであり、推定の期間は1978年1月から2001年2月と2001年3月から2004年12月である。この結果、わが国の金融緩和はコールレートを政策目標変数とした時期だけではなく、量的緩和政策を行った時期にも、株式収益率を引き上げる方向に影響したという結果を得た。We investigate the effects of monetary policy innovations on stock market returns by using the impulse response method. Impulse response functions are estimated using a VAR model including the call rate (or current account balance), monetary base growth, stock returns, industrial production growth, and the inflation rate. The sample periods are January 1978–February 2001 and March 2001–December 2004. We find that monetary expansion resulted in increased stock returns in Japan not only for the period of the call rate targeting policy but also for the period of the quantitative easing policy.論説(Article)application/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape

Money, deficit, and public debt in Japan

本研究では、中央銀行と財政当局を独立した目的関数を持つ主体と考え、公的債務の安定化に関して両者による動学ゲームのもとで導出される均衡戦略を推定した。その結果、1975年から2002年の間、わが国では公的債務の安定化は財政当局によって追及され、金融政策はそれとは別に中央銀行により主体的に行われていた可能性が高い、という結果を得た。すなわち、日本銀行は財政赤字を金融政策によってファイナンスすることはなく、財政当局は公的債務残高が増えるとフローの財政赤字を削減することで対応した。This study estimates the underlying parameters in a dynamic game between the fiscal and monetary authorities over the determination of public debt. These estimates reveal the policymakers' attitudes toward the goal of stabilizing the time path of public debt. The central finding is that, in Japan, during the 1975–2002 period, this goal was pursued by the fiscal authority but not by the central bank. Monetary policy did not monetize the stock of public debt outstanding, whereas cyclically adjusted fiscal deficits were reduced to offset increases in the stock of debt in circulation.論説(Article)application/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape

Hemodynamic changes in neonates born to mothers with Graves' disease

Purpose: Cardiac insufficiency is a major morbidity in neonatal hyperthyroidism. It is important to assess the hemodynamics in neonates born to mothers with Graves’ disease (GD). This study prospectively evaluated the hemodynamic changes in neonates born to mothers with GD. Methods: Overall, 80 newborns were enrolled. Thirty-six neonates were born to mothers with GD who were positive for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor antibody (TRAb), and 44 were born to mother negative for TRAb. The serum levels of TSH, free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and N-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), the cardiac output, and cardiac index (CI) evaluated by echocardiography were compared between the two groups at several postnatal points (day of delivery and 5, 10, and 30 days of life). Results: The TRAb-positive newborns had higher FT4 levels and CI on Day 5 (both p<0.05) and higher FT3 (p<0.05) and FT4 levels (p<0.01) and CI (p<0.01) but lower TSH levels (p<0.05) on Day 10 than the TRAb-negative newborns. The TRAb-positive newborns had significantly higher NT-proBNP levels on Days 5 (median 752 vs. 563 pg/mL, p=0.034) and 10 (median 789 vs. 552 pg/mL, p=0.002) than the TRAb-negative newborns. Conclusions: Hemodynamic changes in 1 neonates born to TRAb-positive mothers with GD resulted in a higher CI and NT-proBNP levels than in those with TRAb-negative mothers from postnatal days 5 to 10.journal articl

The impact of monetary policy on stock prices: a selective review

本論文では金融政策と株価、あるいは株式収益率の関係について分析したいくつかの研究を考察し整理する。この問題は金融政策やファイナンスを専門にする研究者が長く取り組んできた問題である。金融政策に関心のある研究者は、金融政策が株価や株式収益率に影響を与えるかどうかに関心を持っており、この問題の理解は金融政策の波及経路の解明につながる。本論文で紹介する研究では、この解明のためにVARモデルやナレーティブ・アプローチ、イベント・スタディー、マルチファクター・モデル、不均一分散推定量アプローチなどの計量分析の手法が用いられている。ここで示した多くの研究結果は、金融政策が株価や株式収益率に統計的に有意な影響を与えることを示しており、拡張的な金融政策は株価や株式収益率を引上げるという結果が得られている。This paper gives a selective review of literature on the relationship between monetary policy and stock returns(or stock prices). This is an area of research that has interested monetary and financial economists for a long time. Monetary economists have been interested in the question whether monetary policy has any effect on stock returns(or stock prices). Understanding the links between monetary policy and asset prices is crucially important for understanding the policy transmission mechanism. To examine the relationship between monetary policy and stock returns(or stock prices), a variety of empirical techniques which contain a VAR model, a narrative approach, an event study, a multifactor model and a heteroscedasticity-based estimator approach have been employed. Many empirical studies show that monetary policy can be helpful in predicting future stock returns(or stock prices). In many cases the evidence indicates that expansionary policy increase stock returns(or stock prices).研究ノート(Note)application/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape

Land prices and macroeconomic variables in Japan

本稿ではVARモデルを使い、バブル崩壊後の日本経済を対象に、地価とマクロ経済の関係を考察した。主な結果は以下のとおりである。第1に、バブル崩壊後は地価の上昇がもはや設備投資を刺激するとは言えない。第2に、米国の住宅価格の上昇は日本の景気や株価、地価などに強く影響する。第3に、金融政策のショックが地価の変動に与える影響度は低下したことが観察された。In this paper, we investigate the relationship between land prices and macroeconomic variables in Japan since the asset price bubble burst in 1991 using VAR models. The main findings are summarized as follows. First, a rise in land prices may not be enough to increase private (non-residential) fixed investment after the collapse of the bubble economy. Second, a positive shock to the U.S. home price index leads to significant increases in output, stock prices, and land prices. Third, monetary policy shocks are not likely to be an important source of land price fluctuations.論説(Article)application/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape

Government expenditure and public debt: a Markov-switching approach

Hamilton(1988,1989,1990)で提案されたマルコフ・スイッチング・モデルは、持続性のある異なるレジームが繰り返し切り替わるような状況を分析するのに適している。本稿では、このフレームワークを使いわが国の財政政策について政策反応関数を推定した。その結果、2つの異なるレジームが存在し、そのうち1993年から2002年は財政赤字を重視する非ケインズ的レジームであることを見出した。The Markov-switching approach offered in the seminal contributions by Hamilton (1988-1989 and 1990) is a convenient analytical tool for the analysis of repeated and endogenous switching between regimes that exhibit some sort of persistence. The application of this framework to the analysis of the fiscal policy reaction function in Japan leads to our discovery of two different regimes, and the one which prevails from 1993 to 2002 is a non-Keynesian regime.論説(Article)application/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape

Fiscal Policy in Japan: A Survey

本稿では、わが国のマクロ安定化政策としての財政政策について、近年の動向を振り返り、あわせて関連する理論的・実証的研究を整理した。その結果、90年代前半は安定化政策としての財政政策が行われ相応の効果を持ったが、90年代後半は公的融資などが多く、GDPを押し上げる効果はなかったことが明らかにされた。In this paper the recent movement of the fiscal policy adopted as a macro stabilization policy in Japan is reviewed, with its theoretical and empirical researches arranged. This study will show that in the first half of the 1990's the fiscal policy employed for the stabilization produced due effects, but that a large amount of public financing used in the second half of the `90's failed in raising GDP.論説application/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape