Improved measurement of CP-violation parameters sin⁡2ϕ1 and |λ|, B meson lifetimes, and B0-B̅0 mixing parameter Δmd

journal articl

『新編 明治以降日本人の中国旅行記（解題）』

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bufonius

Juncus bufonius Linnaeustoad rush;common toad rush;grass rush;annual rushbufoniusDistrict de Qu'Appelle. Riviere Qu'Appelle. 6-7 milles au nord de Sainte-Marthe-de-RocanvilleRivage

エクイタブル生命の経営危機と英国保険監督制度改革

application/pdf來生新教授退職記念号departmental bulletin pape

Throughput Analysis of DS/SSMA Unslotted ALOHA System with Fixed Packet Length

Throughput analysis of direct-sequence spread spectrum multiple access (DS/SSMA) unslotted ALOHA with fixed packet length is presented. As the levels of multi-user interference fluctuate during the packet transmission, we calculate the packet error probability and the throughput by considering not only the number of overlapped packets but also the amount of time overlap. On the assumption that packet generation is Poisson, the system can be thought as the queueing system M/D/∞. With Gaussian approximation of multi-user interference, we obtain the throughput as the function of the number of chips in a bit, the packet length, and the offered load of the system. We also analyze the channel load sensing protocol (CLSP), and obtain the optimum threshold of CLSP.journal articl

Plot of the Genomic Positions of Paralogous Pairs of Human Genes that Arose from Duplications Predating the Fish–Tetrapod Split

<p>The queries shown here use Chromosomes 2, 4, 5, and 10, as indicated for the four panels. (The complete set can be seen in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030314#sg002" target="_blank">Figure S2</a>.) On the <i>x-</i>axis is each chromosome arranged from p to q telomeres. On the <i>y-</i>axis is each of the 22 human autosomes plus the X and Y chromosomes. For each query gene on the <i>x-</i>axis, a “hit” is scored if the subject chromosome contains a paralog generated by a gene duplication prior to the fish–tetrapod split. The lower portion of each panel plots the <i>n-</i>fold redundancy along the query chromosome as defined by pairs of paralogs detected in a sliding window analysis. See the Material and Methods section for details, but briefly, for every human query gene, a window was considered of 50 genes to the left and 50 genes to the right, with a “hit” obtained for the subject chromosome if it includes the early-duplicated paralogs of genes on each side of the query. Four-fold (i.e., including the query) matching, as expected by the 2R hypothesis, is highlighted in a darker shade of blue.</p

Overview of the Building of a Gene Cluster and Phylogenetic Tree Shown by a Hypothetical Example

<div><p>(A) Each circle represents a gene, labeled with the source genome according to the first letter of each taxon—C, M, H, and F for <i>Ciona,</i> mouse, human, and fugu, respectively—and further differentiated by numeral. BLASTP was first used to search all vertebrate genes for the one most similar to <i>Ciona'</i>s <i>C1</i> gene, in this case the mouse gene <i>M1.</i> Then other genes are recruited to the cluster if they have a higher similarity score to <i>M1</i> that that between <i>C1</i> and <i>M1,</i> indicated here by the red lines. The six genes shown on the right side of the diagram have some sequence similarity to those in the cluster, but less than that between <i>C1</i> and <i>M1,</i> so are not included. Because the vertebrates are more closely related to each other than any is to <i>Ciona,</i> each cluster will include those genes descended from a single gene in the common chordate ancestor, having arisen by either lineage splitting or gene duplication specific to one or more vertebrates. (See <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030314#s4" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a> for more details.)</p> <p>(B) Evolutionary tree of the genes in this cluster show separate duplications for fugu and for human. Because the maximum likelihood method does not rely solely on sequence similarity, there is no significance to the mouse gene being most similar to <i>C1.</i> The mouse genome simply contained the most slowly evolving vertebrate gene in this multigene family; this can be from any vertebrate taxon with approximately equal likelihood.</p></div

Histogram Showing the Lower Bound Estimate of <i>N-</i>fold Redundancy Using the Analysis Reported in Figure 5

<p>This histogram is generated by counting the depth of paralogon redundancy across all human chromosomes as shown in the lower part of <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030314#sg002" target="_blank">Figure S2</a> (and subsampled for <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030314#pbio-0030314-g005" target="_blank">Figure 5</a>). The peak at 4-fold coverage is consistent with the 2R hypothesis, and constitutes a lower bound estimate, because the sliding window examines only a small span of flanking genes and would be highly subject to effects of local gene rearrangements.</p

Pattern Predicted for the Relative Locations of Paralogous Genes from Two Genome Duplications

<div><p>(A) Representation of a hypothetical genome that has 22 genes shown as colored squares.</p> <p>(B) A genome duplication generates a complete set of paralogs in identical order.</p> <p>(C) Many paralogous genes suffer disabling mutations, become pseudogenes, and are then lost. One could imagine this condition being evidence of a single round of genome duplication followed by significant gene losses.</p> <p>(D) A second genome duplication recreates another set of paralogs in identical order, with multigene families that retained two copies now present in four, and those that had lost a member now present in two copies.</p> <p>(E) Again, many paralogous genes suffer disabling mutations, become pseudogenes, and are then lost. Of course, unrelated gene duplications and transpositions can occur. Even though this leaves only a few four-member gene families, the patterns of 2- and 3-fold gene families unite, in various combinations, all four genomic segments, revealing that the sequential duplications had been of very large regions, in this case all or nearly all of this hypothetical genome.</p></div

An Arbitrarily Selected Subset of the Human Genome Showing the Physical Relationships Among Paralogous Genes

<div><p>(A) This is an example of the tetra-paralogous relationships of a subset of human genes that are all inferred, by gene trees, to have duplicated prior to the split of fish from tetrapods, but after the split of <i>Ciona</i> from vertebrates. These genes are on four chromosomes with their identities indicated outside of the circle. The complete set of tetra-paralogons can be viewed in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030314#sg003" target="_blank">Figure S3</a>.</p> <p>(B) In contrast, paralogous human genes generated by duplications after the split of fish and tetrapods, as shown for this sample of the same four human chromosomes, do not form such tetra-paralogons. Their pattern appears to result from smaller-scale tandem duplications of individual genes or segments, followed by slow rearrangements. In addition to these apparently functional gene pairs shown in the figure for this portion of the human genome, we have identified eight pseudogene pairs that occur on different chromosomes; it is not clear whether these pseudogenes are the result of random retrotransposition (or other rearrangement mechanisms) rather than gene conversion events between older duplicates, which would make it appear as though these had duplicated later than they actually did, as has been observed in yeast [<a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030314#pbio-0030314-b29" target="_blank">29</a>].</p></div