Lectures for the Doshisha Law School Keiseishien Project : Competion of Company Laws in Europa

ヨーロッパにおいては会社法の競争という現象は存在する。競争の結果としてデラウエア効果と言われる現象が生じている。EUにおいて有限会社は、設立のための費用が低廉でしかも設立登記までの時間が短い国で、多く設立される傾向がある。英国会社は、この競争の中で優位な地位を保ってきた。近年、EU加盟国は、自国に会社設立を誘致するため、会社法の規制を緩和する傾向がある。しかし、日本は会社法の競争なしに、大改正が行われた。合同会社は最低資本金の要求がない。この合同会社は、資本会社および、業務執行については人的会社の要素を併せ持つものである。総括として、会社法は、新しい要求を満たしつつ常に変化するということができる。会社法の発展にとって、法秩序間の競争は必要不可欠な要素であるわけではない。しかし、会社法の競争は立法上の改革を促進するものである。Pursuant to the recent judicature of the European Court of Justice, citizens in the EU may incorporate under any of the 27 Member States' company laws. This free choice of the applicable law has brought about an effect which reminds of the so-called Delaware effect in the United States of America. In Europe, it is the English private limited company which makes the race: English company law does not require a legal minimum capital and thus appears favourable to many founders. Moreover, as English has become the dominant business language and is widely spoken in the EU, British company law has a `natural' advantage over the laws of other Member States. Most recently, however, legislators on the European continent have significantly modified their laws. Spain has facilitated the incorporation of private limited companies. France has fully abandoned the requirement of a minimum capital. Germany is on its way to lower the minimum capital and to allow small enterprises to incorporate without any capital requirement. This development may appear as a `competition of legislators', who design their own respective company laws in a more attractive manner. Nevertheless, a comparison with the recent company law reforms in Japan demonstrates that modernization can also take place in the absence of a `direct' competition among legislators: The new legal creature gôdô kaisha – which replaces the traditional private limited company – may be incorporated with a minimum capital as low as 1 Yen. Moreover, it combines in a modern way elements of capital company law and – with respect to the management – of partnership law. Viewed from this perspective, we may conclude that company law develops in an evolutionary manner, adapting itself to new requirements. A competition among legislators of the kind we have observed in Europe is not a necessary condition for such a development. It may, however, induce or accelerate the process of legislative invention.講演(Lecture)訳:高橋 英治application/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape

Growth status of planted Quercus serrata trees after clear cutting of conifer plantation on diff erent slope positions in Tochigi Prefecture

text紀要論文 / Departmental Bulletin Paperdepartmental bulletin pape

Study of B meson decays to three-body charmless hadronic final states

journal articl

GCコンテント ノ イチジゲン ブンプ ジョウホウ オ モチイタ DNAバーコード ヨミダシ

奈良先端科学技術大学院大学修士(工学)master thesi

Thomas Hobbes 1 : from Machiavelli to Hobbes

departmental bulletin pape

Effects of different dietary of protein and lipid levels on the growth of freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium carcinus) broodstock

Objetivo. Evaluar los efectos de diversos niveles dietéticos de proteína y lípidos en el crecimiento y composición corporal de reproductores del langostino de agua dulce Macrobrachium carcinus (Linnaeus 1758), en un sistema de recirculación durante 11 semanas (77 días). Materiales y métodos. Los tratamientos experimentales fueron asignados por triplicado. Seis dietas de prueba fueron formuladas con tres niveles diferentes de proteínas (35, 40 y 45%) y dos niveles de lípidos (8 y 13%). Resultados. Se observó la tasa más alta de supervivencia, índices de crecimiento y utilización del alimento para ejemplares adultos de M. carcinus alimentados con niveles dietarios de proteína: lípidos de 35:13, 40:13 y 45:13, mientras que el valor más bajo en estos parámetros se registró en langostinos alimentados con el nivel más bajo de lípidos; las diferencias en estos parámetros entre estos tipos de dietas fueron significativas (p<00.5). Se observó una tendencia no significativa en un aumento del porcentaje de proteína en el cuerpo con un nivel mayor de proteína dietética. El porcentaje de lípidos disminuyó con un nivel de proteína dietario creciente, y no se encontró ninguna tendencia definida en el contenido de cenizas. Conclusiones. Los resultados sugieren que una combinación de dieta de proteína cruda del 35% y 13% de lípidos mejora el crecimiento y composición corporal de M. Carcinus adultos.Objective. Evaluate the effects of varying dietary protein and lipid levels on the growth and body composition of adult freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium carcinus (Linnaeus 1758), in a recirculation system for 11 weeks (77 days). Materials and methods. The experimental treatments were assigned in triplicate. Six test diets were formulated with three different protein levels (35, 40 and 45%) and two lipid levels (8 and 13%). Results. The highest survival rate, growth indices and feed utilization were observed for M. carcinus adults fed protein:lipid diets of 35:13, 40:13 and 45:13, and the lowest values for these parameters were recorded for prawns fed diets with the lowest lipid levels; the differences in these parameters between these types of diets were significant (p <00.5) . A nonsignificant tendency for an increased percentage of protein in the body with an increased dietary protein level was observed. The percentage of lipids decreased with an increasing dietary protein level, and no definite trends in ash content were found. Conclusions. The results suggest that a diet with 35% dietary crude protein and 13% lipids enhances the growth and body composition of adult M. carcinu

Down-regulation of Connexin 43 mRNA in Mouse Hearts after Myocardial Infarction

2003-12Gap junction remodeling have been reported in various types of heart disease. Information available for the gap junction remodeling after myocardial infarction is still limited. In the present study, we investigated mRNA expression of connexin 43 (Cx43), major protein of gap junction channels in compensated hypertrophied interventricular septum (IVS) after myocardial infarction (MI) in mice by using a real time quantitative PCR expression. Cx43 mRNA expression in the interventricular septum of MI mouse was significantly decreased by 2 fold (813.7±252.6 molecules / 10^5 GAPDH molecules) compared to non-operated control (1628.9±180.9) and sham-operated mice (2051.9±169.8). There was no significant difference in Cx43 mRNA between control and sham groups. Down-regulation of Cx43 mRNA in compensated hypertrophied myocardium could be involved in the arrythmogenic substrate in the heart after MI.国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。departmental bulletin pape