The Meanings of Limited Strategies and Its Evaluation of Marketing Effectiveness: A Comparative Study of Tangible and Digital Goods

亜細亜大学修士（経営学）thesi

Observation of b→dγ and Determination of |Vtd/Vts|

journal articl

産学共同研究の促進要因に関する実証分析

application/pdf本研究は、我が国の産学共同研究の実態と促進要因を明らかにすることを目的とした実証分析である。用いたデータは、横浜国立大学と新潟大学の２大学で実際に行われた個別プロジェクト毎の詳細ファクトデータ、および装置型産業である化学産業と加工組立型産業である機械産業の企業を対象としたアンケート調査データの２つである。　産学共同研究に関して、立地地域等の大学特性別、企業規模・業種等の企業特性別、純粋基礎研究から製品・事業化研究に及ぶ研究開発段階別に分析を行っている。「集中化」と「多様化」が発生した結果を受け産学共同研究受入件数の著しい増加が起きていること、産学共同研究のネットワークには地域内・三大都市圏・遠距離の３種類のクラスターが存在すること、今後の取組みには純粋基礎を除いた目的基礎研究から製品・事業化研究までの広い範囲にわたって産学共同研究ニーズが存在することなどの知見を得ている。　以上のとおり本研究は、今後の産学共同研究の取組みについて将来的な方向を与えている。特に、産学共同研究の受入金額、企業－大学間距離を用いた分析は、これまでの先行研究においてほとんど例を見ない。departmental bulletin pape

EGFP inhibits NF-κB and JNK activation in 293T cells

<div><p>(<b>A</b>) Activation of an NF-κB luciferase reporter by a Flag-tagged API2-MALT1 fusion protein is inhibited by EGFP in a dose dependent manner.</p> <p>(<b>B</b>) EGFP does not block NF-κB dependent luciferase activity induced by expression of the p50/p65 subunits of NF-κB (<b>C</b>) Activation of an NF-κB luciferase reporter by Flag-API2-MALT1 is inhibited by EGFP mutated for the TRAF6 binding motif (<b>D</b>) EGFP but not pmaxGFP prevents TNF-α induced activation of the NF-κB luciferase reporter and phosphorylation of IκB-α and JUN in 293T cells.</p> <p>EGFP does not increase HSP70 levels or induce HSP70B′ in 293T cells.</p> <p>Fluorescence intensities (Ex485/Em520nm) for EGFP and pmaxGFP were both ∼100 fold above background. (<b>E</b>) N- and/or C-terminal EGFP fusion proteins (for API2, CHIC2, NXF5a, NXF1, MALT1, Actin, Rab5, Syndecan binding protein 2 (SDCBP2) or β-Tubulin) and EGFP with a nuclear localization signal (NLS) or a farnysilation site (pEGFP-F) reduce TNF-α-induced NF-κB luciferase reporter activity in 293T cells. Bottom: In humans, HSP70 is constitutively expressed under normal conditions, but Hsp70B′ is only induced in response to stress.</p> <p>There is no basal expression of Hsp70B′<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000054#pone.0000054-Leung1" target="_blank">[28]</a>.</p> <p>As a positive controle for HSP70B′ expression, 293T cells (lane 2) were heat shocked at 44°C for two hours (lane 3) and allowed to recover at 37°C for 5 (lane 4) or 18 (lane 5) hours before harvest. NF-κB-dependent luciferase activity is represented for each experiment as fold induction of vector transfected cells and is represented graphically as the mean and standard deviation of at least three independent experiments.</p> <p>All molecular weight standards are in kDa.</p></div

EGFP blocks Lys63- and Lys48-linked polyubiquitination.

<div><p>(<b>A</b>) 293T cells transfected with the indicated constructs and treated for 4 hours with 20 ng/ml TNF-α (lane 5 and 6) were immunoblotted with anti-Flag (API2-MALT1), anti-HA (HA-Ub-K63) and anti-EGFP antibodies (left panel) or anti-IKKγ immunoprecipitates were immunoblotted with anti-Flag (IKKγ) or anti-HA (ubiquitin) (right panel).</p> <p>(<b>B</b>) EGFP affects K48-linked polyubiquitination.</p> <p>293T cells were transfected with a Ubiquitin construct with only Lys48 available for polymerization (HA-Ub-K48), treated for 4 hours with 20 ng/ml TNF-α or left untreated and cell lysates were immunoblotted with anti-HA (Ub-K48) and anti-EGFP antibodies.</p> <p>Fluorescence intensities (Excitation 485/Emission 520 nm) for EGFP and pmaxGFP were comparable (∼100 fold higher then background values), expression of pDs-Red was confirmed by Fluorescence microscopy.</p> <p>(<b>C</b>) EGFP stabilizes exogenous API2-Myc in 293T cells via reduction of its Lys48-linked auto-ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation.</p> <p>(<b>D</b>) Stable expression of EGFP in the merkel cell carcinoma cell line MCC14.2 reduces polyubiquitination and enhances endogenous p53 expression levels.</p> <p>The average ratio and standard deviation of p53 to actin signals are given (three independent experiments), (Ub)ⁿ : polyubiquitinated proteins.</p></div

EGFP affects polyubiquitination-dependent processes <b><i>in vivo</i></b>.

<div><p>(<b>A</b>) Western blots of spleen and liver extracts from FVB wild-type (wt) and EGFP transgenic mice detected with antibodies against Ubiquitin, EGFP and actin (loading control).</p> <p>(<b>B</b>) EGFP reduces phosphorylation of IκB-α in anti-IgM/anti-CD40 stimulated B-lymphocytes purified from EGFP mice.</p> <p>Experiments performed in triplicate, a representative image of one experiment is shown.</p> <p>The average and standard deviations of ratios of IκB-α-P to actin relative to un-stimulated cells are given.</p> <p>(<b>C</b>) The deficit of B220⁺/CD40⁺ B-cells in the bone marrow of API2-MALT1 mice is restored in EGFP/API2-MALT1 double transgenic mice.</p> <p>Experiments performed in triplicate, the average and standard deviations are depicted. eMalt1: endogenous Malt1, *a-specific band (<b>D</b>) EGFP mice show increased p53 levels in the liver and have enhanced p53/p21 responses upon γ-irradiation induced DNA damage.</p> <p>The average and standard deviations of the ratios of p53/p21 to actin signals relative to that of sample 1 are given.</p> <p>(<b>E</b>) Recombinant EGFP (rEGFP) does not prevent polyubiquitination of a Biotin-Lysozyme substrate <i>in vitro</i>. (Ub)ⁿ: polyubiquitinated proteins.</p></div