Evaluation of road pricing policy with semi-dynamic combined stochastic user equilibrium model

This study analyzes the effect of road pricing using a model with the following characteristics: 1) integration of trip generation (i.e. activity choice), destination choice, mode choice and route choice; 2) consideration of hourly traffic condition variations including queue evolution; and 3) approximate reproduction of trip chain along the time axis. An evaluation of road pricing in the Nagoya Metropolitan Area shows that pricing leads to an effective improvement in the environment as a result of a reduced number of car trips, and at the same time, there is a great reduction in the number of visitors because there is a change of destination and only a small shift to railway.CD-ROMjournal articl

Improved Search for νμ→νe Oscillation in a Long-Baseline Accelerator Experiment

journal articl

var. purshiana

Schoenoplectiella purshiana (Fernald) Lye var. purshianaweak-stalked bulrushScirpus purshianusMilk River Valley; Gold Spring Municipal Park, 1.5 km SE of Milk River townDry Mixed Grassland: prairie incised river valley - wet sands of river shore3325 fee

油田地質研究及採油重要事項

東京帝国大学工科大学種別:卒業論文thesi

廃棄物の有効利用に関する研究 : 底塩酸と鉄鋼スクラップを利用したイオン交換膜電池の物質移動

application/pdfpostprintMass transfer for the following electric cell was studied, ⊖ Fe/FeCl₂ sat. soln. / 1N or 5N HCl /Pt-black Pt/Ti ⊕. M_ Electric energy can not be only gained but also hydrogen H₂ (a clean fuel gas) and ferrous chloride FeCl₂ (Chemical product) can be produced by this multipurpose cell, utilizing spent acid HCl and iron or steel scraps. The water tranfer was taken place from the positive apartment to the negative one in any case of utilizing 1N HCl or 5N HCl. These behaviors were as same as the results obtained by N. Laksh-minarayanaiah. It was found that mild steels could be dissolved well into the saturated FeCl₂ solution as a catholyte of the cell. As Fe⁺⁺ ion could be transferred through the anion exchange membrane (M₋) at lower discharge current density, the higher was the discharge current density, the higher was the producing efficiency of FeCl₂. In any case, the treatment efficiency of spent acid (HCl) was more than 100%, because H⁺ ion could be transferred easily through the membrane (M₋) by diffusion. According to the discharge characteristics, the producing efficiency of FeCl₂ and the treatment efficiency of spent acid HCl for this cell, better results were taken with 5N HCl as an anolyte of the cell.イオン交換膜を用いた電池に関する研究（第11報）departmental bulletin pape

Structural basis for the drug extrusion mechanism by a MATE multidrug transporter

Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family transporters are conserved in the three primary domains of life (Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya), and export xenobiotics using an electrochemical gradient of H+ or Na+ across the membrane1, 2. MATE transporters confer multidrug resistance to bacterial pathogens3, 4, 5, 6 and cancer cells7, thus causing critical reductions in the therapeutic efficacies of antibiotics and anti-cancer drugs, respectively. Therefore, the development of MATE inhibitors has long been awaited in the field of clinical medicine8, 9. Here we present the crystal structures of the H+-driven MATE transporter from Pyrococcus furiosus in two distinct apo-form conformations, and in complexes with a derivative of the antibacterial drug norfloxacin and three in vitro selected thioether-macrocyclic peptides, at 2.1?3.0?A resolutions. The structures, combined with functional analyses, show that the protonation of Asp?41 on the amino (N)-terminal lobe induces the bending of TM1, which in turn collapses the N-lobe cavity, thereby extruding the substrate drug to the extracellular space. Moreover, the macrocyclic peptides bind the central cleft in distinct manners, which correlate with their inhibitory activities. The strongest inhibitory peptide that occupies the N-lobe cavity may pave the way towards the development of efficient inhibitors against MATE transporters.journal articl

Up- and Downregulated Genes after Long-Term Muscle Atrophy Induced by Denervation in Mice Detected Using RNA-Seq

Skeletal muscle atrophy occurs rapidly as a result of inactivity. Although there are many reports on changes in gene expression during the early phase of muscle atrophy, the patterns of up-and downregulated gene expression after long-term and equilibrated muscle atrophy are poorly understood. In this study, we comprehensively examined the changes in gene expression in long-term denervated mouse muscles using RNA-Seq. The murine right sciatic nerve was denervated, and the mice were housed for five weeks. The cross-sectional areas of the hind limb muscles were measured using an X-ray CT system 35 days after denervation. After 28 d of denervation, the cross-sectional area of the muscle decreased to approximately 65% of that of the intact left muscle and reached a plateau. Gene expression in the soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles on the 36th day was analyzed using RNA-Seq and validated using RT-qPCR. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that three genes—Adora1, E230016M11Rik, and Gm10718—were upregulated and one gene—Gm20515—was downregulated in the soleus muscle; additionally, four genes—Adora1, E230016M11Rik, Pigh, and Gm15557—were upregulated and one gene—Fzd7—was downregulated in the EDL muscle (FDR < 0.05). Among these genes, E230016M11Rik, one of the long non-coding RNAs, was significantly upregulated in both the muscles. These findings indicate that E230016M11Rik could be a candidate gene for the maintenance of atrophied skeletal muscle size and an atrophic state

CGG repeat expansions in the FMR1 gene disrupt regulation of calcium transients in human fibroblasts.

<p>Control (C0603) and premutation (FX08, 31,105 repeats) fibroblasts were loaded with fluorescent calcium indicator Fluo-4 and incubated with bradykinin to induce calcium transients. Cells were imaged by time-lapse confocal microscopy to visualize changes in intracellular calcium concentrations over time. Total fluorescence intensity over the entire cell was integrated in each time frame for 20 control and 20 premutation cells, in the absence or presence of TMPyP4. F/F₀ values for each cell are plotted, with initiation of primary calcium transients aligned at time = 0 s.</p

FCS photobleaching of ARC RNA and CGG 99 RNA molecules in individual granules in hippocampal neurons.

<p>Panel A—the FCS observation volume was positioned to encompass a single individual immobile granule containing differentially labeled fluorescent ARC RNA and CGG99 RNA molecules in a hippocampal neuron. Continuous illumination during the FCS measurement results in photobleaching of fluorescent RNA molecules of each type in the granule, which is recorded as count rate decay in each FCS channel. The numbers of fluorescent RNA molecules of each type in the granule are determined by dividing the total decay in counts during photobleaching by the counts per molecule for each RNA determined by FCS in solution. Panel B shows a scatter plot for numbers of ARC RNA and CGG99 RNA molecules in individual granules in hippocampal neurons in the absence of TMPyP4. Panel C shows a scatter plot for numbers of ARC RNA and CGG99 RNA molecules in individual granules in hippocampal neurons in the presence of TMPyP4. Panel D shows Kolmogorov-Smirnov plots of the ratios of CGG99 RNA molecules to ARC RNA molecules in individual granules in the absence (black symbols) and presence (red symbols) of TMPyP4.</p

CGG repeat expansions in the FMR1 gene inhibit translation of Venus-ARC RNA in human fibroblasts.

<p>Panel A—Human fibroblasts from control individuals C0603 (control male, 31 repeats), GM00497 (control male, unknown repeat number), GM00498 (control male, unknown repeat number) and FMR1 premutation carriers FX08-2 (female, 31, 105 repeats), FX11-2 (female, 20, 79 repeats), FX13-2 (female, 33, 85 repeats), and WC26 (female, two premutation alleles, 60, 90 repeats) were microinjected with Venus-ARC RNA and after 2 hours Venus-ARC RNA and newly-synthesized Venus-ARC protein were imaged by dual channel confocal microscopy. Representative images are shown for untreated control and premutation cells and for premutation cells treated with TMPyP4. Scale bars indicate 5 micrometers. Panel B—Cumulative Kolmogorov Smirnov plots for specific translational activities (newly-synthesized Venus-ARC protein/microinjected Venus-ARC RNA) in individual cells for 3 control and 4 premutation fibroblast cell lines as described for Panel A, untreated (top) and treated with TMPyP4 (bottom). Panel C—Frequency distribution plots for specific translational activities (newly-synthesized Venus-ARC protein/microinjected Venus-ARC RNA) in cells for 3 control and 4 premutation fibroblast cell lines as described for Panel B, untreated (top) and treated with TMPyP4 (bottom). Panel D—PCR analysis of CGG repeat numbers in FX08-02, FX11-02, FX13-02 and C0603 fibroblasts with a 100 bp DNA ladder (left panel) and in WC26 and C0603 fibroblasts with a 1 kb ladder (right panel). In the panel on the left, in the FX08-2, FX11-2, and FX13-2 lanes, the band at the bottom of the gel represents female gender specific PCR product, the bands immediately above the gender specific band represent PCR products from CGG repeat alleles in the normal range and the bands above represent PCR products from expanded CGG repeat alleles. The fainter products near the top of the gel are of unknown origin. In the C0603 lane, the two bands near the bottom of the gel represent male and female gender specific PCR products, and the band above the gender specific bands represents PCR product from the normal CGG repeat allele. In the panel on right, the two bands in the WC26 lane both represent PCR products from expanded CGG repeat alleles and the single band in the C0603 lane represents PCR product from the CGG repeat allele in the normal range. Panel E—Table showing ID, gender, FMR1 alleles and CGG repeat numbers (based on panel D) for each cell line. Panel F—Western blotting of FMRP expression in full mutation (FX08-1, FX11-01, FX13-01) and premutation (FX08-2, FX11-02 and FX13-02) cell lines with actin loading controls.</p