Seasonal Variations in Vegetation Indices derived from in situ Type Vegetation Monitoring System at typical landcovers in Japan : From the Observation Results in PGLIERC and Lake Biwa Project

研究概要:本研究では光学センサー搭載衛星データの検証及び地表面フラックスとの対応関係を調べるために簡易式の地上設置型植生モニタリングシステムを日本を代表する土地被覆上(草地,水田,アカマツ林,落葉広葉樹)に設置し,それぞれの土地被覆から得られる植生指標の季節変化について示した.その結果,以下の知見が得られた;1.草原系(草地・水田)では各植生の季節変化特性を良好にモニターすることが可能である,2.森林系(アカマツ林・落葉広葉樹)ではセンサーとキャノピーの距離が近すぎるため,思うような結果を得ることが出来なかった.3.ただし全般としては各土地被覆特性を示す連続したデータを取得することができ,システムの妥当性を示すことができた

Improved Search for νμ→νe Oscillation in a Long-Baseline Accelerator Experiment

journal articl

lenticularis

Helianthus annuus Linnaeuscommon sunflower;garden sunflowertournesol;hélianthe annuel;soleil;grand soleilHelianthus annuusWarner County, 11 km ENE of Couttsdry mixed grassland: rolling prairie, sand of roadside ditch bank and disturbed meadow3320 fee

鯰田炭坑計画

東京帝国大学工科大学種別:卒業論文thesi

研究の歩み

rights: 社団法人日本機械学会 rights: 本文データは学協会の許諾に基づきCiNiiから複製したものである relation: IsVersionOf: http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110002395943/textapplication/pdfjournal articl

大きさの円対比錯視（Ebbinghaus 錯視）に関する実験的研究（Ⅳ）―付加円と中央円の直径比・付加円数・両円間距離等の刺激条件および観察回数の効果について―

1987-03The purpose of this study is to verify the effects of the combination of stimulus-consitions in Ebbinghaus illusion (Fig.1A).Magnitude of illusion(MI)of the center circle (CC) was measured in the interrelation with the following three stimulus-conditions; (1) the distance (D)between surrounding circles(SCs) and the CC (D=3.1, 8.6, 15.8mm),(2)the diameter ratio (R)(R=1/2, 1/1, and 2/1)of the SCs to the CC, and (3) the number (N)(N=1,2, and 4) of the SCs(Exp.1). Then, the variations of the MI were investigated by repeating the measurement 64times on one subject under the same experimental conditions as in the Exp.1 for (Exp.2). Two personal computers(NEC:PC-9801)were used for presenting the many kinds of standard stimulus(SS) and comparison stimulus(CS), and also controlling efficiently the responses of the subject(Fig.2). Six undergarduate students with normal visual acuity served as the subjects. These subjects were instructed to compare the apparent size between the SS presented randomly at the centerof one display and the CS presented at the another display as a single circle. The spatial distribution of the SS to the CS was changed in the order of left(L)-right (R)-R-L in Exp.1 and 2. The size of the CS was varied through the method of limits. The results are as follows: (1)The CC of the Ebbinghaus illusion was clearly overestimated under the R=1/2 (SCCC). This tendency was consistent when using nine combinations of other two stimulus-conditions (Fig.3). The above trends were enhanced as the number of the SC increased. However, surrounding the CC by the SCs was not necessary in the Ebbinghaus illusion, because the contrastive change of the apparent size of the CC was verified in the case of the N=1 and the N=2, in which the SC didn't surround the CC (Fig.4). As estimated under the comparatively limited range of figure locomotion inside the display, the consistent variation of the MI was not gained as a function of the distance between the SCs and the CC(Fig.5). However, with four SCs (N=4), the magnitude of overestimation of the CC generally decreased as the distance between the SCs and the CC enlarged with the diameter ratio of 1/2 (SCCC). The MI variations caused by the difference of the above distance between the SCs and CC were compared with those of the Delboeuf illusion(Fig.1B) studied by Ogasawara(1952) in regard to the following three kinds of distance between the SC and the CC. Fig.11 represents three distances ①between the circumference of the CC and the inner circumference of the SCs(INNER), ②between the circumference of the CC and the center of the SCs(CENTER), and ③between the circumference of the CC and the outer circumference of the SCs (OUTER). Since the resultant patterns of the MI variations were different from any of those estimated by Ogasawara'S results, it may by concluded that the Ebbinghaus illusion was due to the "contrastive judgement" conducted between the SCs and the CC. (2)In the repeated observations in Exp.2, the tendency of the MI gained from one subject was similar to that of the average MIs obtained from six subjects in Exp.1(Figs.3,5,7, and 8). However, the MIs under the all three kinds of stimulus-condition tend to shift to the "overestimation" in the process of the repeated observations. As shown in Fig.10, the magnitude of overestimation under the R=1/2 increased as a function of the trial of repetition. Contrarily, the magnitude of underestimation under the R=1/1 and the R=2/1 decreased as a function of the number of trial-repetition. Consequently, the MI turned to overestimation in the R=1/1 at the latter part of reptition(Fig.7 and 12). And the underestimation greatly decreased even with the R=2/1(Fig.10). The R=2/1 resulted in the greatest gradient of the MI variation (Table 1). Hence, the total MI of the Ebbinghaus illusion, which was defined as the difference between the MI with the R=1/2 and that with R=2/1, decreased as a function of the number of the repetition. The decrease of the total MI took the same trend as the results of the studies conducted on the effect of repeated observation of the optical illusion (Judd, 1905; Lewis, 1908; Kohler and Fishback, 1950a,b; Dewar, 1967a,b,c,d, 1968; Barclay and Comalli, 1970; Letourneau, 1976). However, the rate of the above-mentioned decrease was the smallest with the N=4 in which the stimulus configuration represents the typical apprearance of Ebbinghaus illusion(Table 2). In conclusiion, the judgement of "overestimation" gained in the repeated observations is different from the judgement of "contrast in size", provided that the observations were conducted with three stimulus-conditions as independently as possible in each stimulus presentation.p.58 1行　誤　中央円よりも大きい場合　正　中央円よりも小さい場合、p.58 2行　誤　円よりも小さい場合には　正　円よりも大きい場合にはdepartmental bulletin pape

ガスクロマトグラフー原子吸光接続方式によるアルキル鉛の分析

application/pdfpostprintA new method for the determination of alkyl leads by using atomic absorption spectrophotometry as a substitute for a doctector of gas chromatography has been established. After alkyl leads were separated by columns, the lead had been atomized into the acctylene-air flame with the carrier gas, passing through Teflon pipes. A peak area recorded on the chart paper is proportioned to each other atlkyl lead content. The apparatus for gas chromatography, which was developed, consisted of an aluminum-made thermostat chamber (28cm in diameter and about 7cm in height) with a column of Teflon tube (3mm × 3m). The instrument of atomic absorption spectrometer used was Shimadzu Multichannel, Model MAF-1, fitted with 5cm slot burner of premixing type. The condition recommended for the determination of alkyl leads was as follows: column temperature; 110℃, carrier gas; nitrogen (flow rate; 40ml/min), lead wavelength; 2170A, hollow cathode lamp current; 8mA, slit width; 0.1mm, acetylene pressure; 0.2kg/㎠ (flow rate; 1.2l/min), air pressure; 1.4kg/㎠ (flow rate; 6.2l/min). Analytical results of alkyl leads in commercial gasolines were found that they contained much methyl alkyl lead in addition to tetraethyl lead. The method may be applied to the separation and the determination of alkyl leads samples with satisfactory results.departmental bulletin pape

Numerical study on the influence of blockage ratio on hydrogen turbulent premixed flames in a small scale obstructed chamber

© 2020 ASME Although hydrogen is a clean and renewable fuel, there is still a need to understand and evaluate the potential risks posed in the event of an accidental explosion. This paper presents large eddy simulation (LES) numerical analysis for lean hydrogen premixed flames propagating inside a small laboratory combustion chamber with built in solid obstructions. The small-scale chamber is 0.625 litres in volume with three removable turbulence generating baffles and a square solid obstacle. A lean equivalence ratio of 0.7 is selected in this study. The LES model is utilised to investigate the influence of obstruction configuration and area blockage ratio on the flame characteristics and the generated combustion overpressure. The LES turbulence technique is used with an in-house computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for compressible flows. The numerical simulations are carried out with various arrangements of the baffle plates and a solid obstacle to examine the effects of the area blockage ratio and generated turbulence on the flame structure and generated over-pressure. Two different area blockage ratios of 0.24 and 0.5 are studied. Four configurations with different baffle arrangements are studied to examine the resulting turbulence effects on the generated overpressure, flame position-time traces and flame transient speed following ignition. Direct comparisons are made between the different baffle/flow configurations to identify the various effects of an increased area blockage ratio. Numerical results showing the flame structure at various time windows after ignition are presented and compared with published experimental images. High speed laser induced fluorescence (LIF-OH) images of the reaction zones obtained from the experiments at a rate of 5 kHz provide the flame position data and convey the impact of the turbulence generated by the baffles and solid obstacle on the propagating flame structure [1]. The pressure is recorded at a rate of 25 kHz using a piezo-electric pressure transducer in the base plate of the chamber [2]. The rise in over-pressure as a result of increased turbulence due to additional baffles and an increased area blockage ratio is found to be consistent with experimental data. This is also found to be consistent for the flame position-time and speed-time traces across all configurations. Main points of interest such as the peak over-pressure, maximum rate of pressure rise and the flame propagation trends are also observed along with variations in flame speed as the flame interacts with the baffles and obstacles. Validation of the numerical results against available published experimental data conveys good agreement confirming the ability of the numerical model to predict numerical results for an increased area blockage ratio. Further numerical simulations are also carried out for flame/flow parameters where experimental data is unavailable due to physical limitations. Satisfactory agreement between numerical results and experimental data endorses further predictions for computational models in studying vented hydrogen explosions where there is an increased risk or limited experimental data

B and T cell responses.

<p>No significant difference in peripheral blood anti-collagen type II antibody concentrations of the IgG2a subclass at days 34 and 89 in TLR4 negative versus positive groups of mice (A). Anti-cyclic citrullinted peptide (CCP) antibody concentrations (anti-LXP) are significantly higher in TLR4 positive groups of mice at day 34 after immunization, while anti-non-citrullinated controle peptide antibody concentrations are comparable (B). T cell recall responses in TLR4 negative mice were significantly stronger than in wt mice at the lower tested antigen concentration (C). No influence on foxp3 positive Treg numbers was seen (D).</p

Histological joint destruction in paw sections.

<p>Synovial inflammation is suppressed in CIA in DBA1J TLR4 negative mice (A, C) compared to wt mice (B, D). Representative front paw sections showing wrist and carpal joints and stained in H&E, original magnification ×10 are shown in (A) and (B) and interphalangeal joints with extensive pannus formation and bone destruction stained with Nuclear Fast Rubine-Aniline Blue-Orange G in (C) and (D), original magnification ×100. Histological joint scores reflecting significantly suppressed inflammation and cartilage and bone destruction in TLR4 defective mice are shown in (E).</p