Hippocampal CA3 and CA2 have distinct bilateral innervation patterns to CA1 in rodents

Ipsi-and contralateral hippocampal CA3–CA1 and CA2–CA1 projections were investigated in adult male Long–Evans rats by retrograde tracing. Injection of the retrograde tracer cholera toxin subunit B in the strata oriens and radiatum of dorsal CA1 resulted in labeling of predominantly pyramidal cells in ipsilateral and contralateral CA3 and CA2. The contralateral and ipsilateral anterior–posterior extents of CA3 innervation to CA1 were similar. Fifteen to twenty per cent of the hippocampus proper cells that give rise to CA1 stratum oriens innervation were CA2 pyramidal cells, whereas CA2 cells were a mere 3% for CA1 stratum radiatum innervation. The preferred projection of CA2 pyramidal cells to the CA1 stratum oriens was also manifested in transgenic mice that express GFP under the control of the CACNG5 promoter, in which CA2 cells express high amounts of GFP. The ratios of ipsilateral to contralateral projections were compared. For the CA3–CA1 connection, we found that dorsal CA1 stratum radiatum received more ipsilateral projections whereas CA1 stratum oriens received more contralateral innervation. Interestingly, ipsilateral connections dominated for both CA2–CA1 stratum oriens and CA2–CA1 stratum radiatum. These results demonstrate that the primary intrahippocampal target of CA2 pyramidal cells is the ipsilateral CA1 stratum oriens, in contrast to CA3 cells which project more diversely to bilateral CA1 regions. Such innervation patterns may suggest differential dendritic information processing in apical and basal dendrites of CA1 pyramidal cells.textapplication/pdfjournal articl

Studies of CP Violation in B→J/ψK* Decays

journal articl

Dispersion of Fine Particles in Nonaqueous Solutions

application/pdfDispersion properties of alumina powder in toluene solution of glyceril triolein (GTO) was studied. The amount of adsorption of GTO on Al2 O3, Zeta-potential and the electrophoretic current were measured and the properties of GTO as the dispersant were discussed. The effect of GTO addition on the dispersion of Al2 O3 was obvious at the GTO concentration of more than 0.5wt ％. The function of GTO as the dispersant was thought to be due to both steric and electrostatic effects but the electrostatic effect was not predominant.departmental bulletin pape

経済統合における金融市場の重要性―ヨーロッパの経験と東アジアの現状から―

2008-09-30Today, multi-countries Economic-Coordination and –Integration are one of the most important economic issues in the globalizing economy. The European Union is the world leading region in respect to this field. The process of European Economic integration has been reached on the last stage of this process, with establishing the Monetary Union “Euro”. It is also considered to establish such an economic partnership in many other regions. East Asian countries are one of them, but they just started to seek the way to achieve “East Asian Economic Community”. In this paper it is discussed about a coverall international economic coordination in East Asia, especially the playing roll of the financial market in the Economic Integration Process. In the classic theory of Economic Integration Process by Balassa (1961) the goods market plays a most important roll and the financial market has only limited effects. In the reality, we learned from European Experiences, the financial market affects a large area of the Economic Integration and also can be the most carefully treated market in the Process.departmental bulletin pape

Figure 8

<p>Northern Island Melanesian Southwest mtDNA haplogroup frequency distribution taken from our series (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000248#pone.0000248.s002" target="_blank">table S2</a>).</p

Figure 3

<p>Haplogroup Q phylogeny. Abbreviations follow <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000248#pone-0000248-g001" target="_blank">figure 1</a>. Additional source abbreviation is JSF–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000248#pone.0000248-Friedlaender2" target="_blank">[35]</a>.</p

Figure 2

<p>Upper Pleistocene macrohaplogroup M phylogeny for Near Oceania (haplogroup E is excluded). Abbreviations follow <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000248#pone-0000248-g001" target="_blank">figure 1</a>. Additional sample abbreviations are BGV–Bougainville, and NI-New Ireland. Additional source abbreviation is DAM–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000248#pone.0000248-Merriwether1" target="_blank">[36]</a>. Boxes on M27a and b indicate inferred additional branches defined by control region sequences. The complete Q tree is presented in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000248#pone-0000248-g004" target="_blank">figure 4</a>.</p

Figure 1

<p>Haplogroup P phylogeny for Near Oceania (branches shared with Australian Aborigines also shown). The branches of P found only in Australian Aborigines, and details of the P1 branches, are available in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000248#pone.0000248-Friedlaender1" target="_blank">[17]</a>, supplementary materials. Control region mutations are in bold, those that recur in this phylogeny are underlined, those in blue are synonymous transitions, and transversions are noted with a base suffix. Asterisks denote substitutions that can be both synonymous and nonsynomous because of gene overlap (nts 8563 and 8572). These were regarded as nonsynomous. The dotted line in the tree denotes a missing control region sequence. The poly C regions in HVS1 and 2 as well as 16519 are excluded. Proveniences are listed at the top, abbreviated as follows: NG–New Guinea, TR–Trobriands, AUS–Australian Aborigine, NB-New Britain. Sample numbers, GenBank accession numbers, and sources are listed underneath. Source abbreviations are: SV–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000248#pone.0000248-vanHolstPellekaan1" target="_blank">[18]</a>; TK–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000248#pone.0000248-Kivisild1" target="_blank">[25]</a>; MI–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000248#pone.0000248-Ingman1" target="_blank">[19]</a>; MP–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000248#pone.0000248-Pierson1" target="_blank">[33]</a>.</p

Figure 4

<p>Spatial frequency distribution of haplogroup B4a* and B4a1a1 in Island Southeast Asia and the western Pacific, created using the Kriging algorithm of the Surfer package of haplogroups. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000248#pone-0000248-g004" target="_blank">Figure 4b</a> presents the detailed distribution for Northern Island Melanesia. Data details are provided in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000248#pone.0000248.s003" target="_blank">table S3</a>.</p

AMOVA based on mtDNA HVS1 and HVS2

a<p>Groups for geography: New Ireland, New Britain, Bougainville and Malaita</p>b<p>Linguistic groups: Papuans, Oceanic</p>*<p>p = 0.07</p