中国ファーストフード市場における日式ラーメン店の存立条件 : 瀋陽市の事例から

application/pdf十数年前の中国人は「ファーストフード」という言葉に対して、まだ良く知らない。文化大革命が終わり、中国の改革開放政策が始めたおかげで、そのとき中国の大型産業は一斉に興されたが、サービス業はまだ発足していなかった。人々はファーストフードに対する認識はわずか御弁当の段階に留まった。そのときの中国には今のようなファーストフードはまたなかった。遅く発展してきたサービス業の中、ファーストフード業界は中国の飲食業の中に最も遅く発足してきた業界のひとつである。 しかし、わずか十数年間の工夫でファーストフード業はすでに中国に深く根を下ろして、中国の飲食業の中に自分の位置を見つけて相当の規模に達成した。中国統計年鑑によると、中国のファーストフード業界の売上年平均額は20%のスピードで高速に成長して、2005年の年末までに、ファストフード業の売上高はすでに中国飲食業の三分の一に占めた。その中に、外国のファーストフード企業は相当な経験、先進なノウハウと大量資本を持っていて、中国市場に入るのも速かったため、中国のファーストフード業界において、かなりのシェアを占め、中国現代のファーストフードの導入者でもあると思われる。 北京吉野家快餐有限公司は日系企業の代表的な存在であるが、現状では日系企業の規模はまだ小さい。しかし、2000年以降、日系ラーメン、カレーショップ(CoCo萱番屋)など新しい業態の日系外食産業の進出が活発になってきている。日系では、千伊ラーメン餐飲有限公司(千伊ラーメン)、上海上島餐飲連鎖経営管理有限公司(上島珈琲)や元禄回転寿司、モスバーガー等が代表的な企業で、主に喫茶店やファーストフードチェーンを展開している。日系の企業は資本参加で経営規模を拡大する企業が目立ち、中国外食産業に大きな影響力を持つようになっている。 中国に進出した牛丼店、ラーメン店などの日系ファーストフード企業に関していえば,価格競争力の点でかなり苦戦を強いられるものと思われる。そのような中で売り込み可能なものは,高度な品質管理、新商品の開発などのもと他にまねのできない経営方法でつくられた「ジャパンクオリティー」をもつブランド店ということになっていくのではないだろうか。 また、ファーストフードは人々の日常生活に密着しており, 日系ファーストフード産業が中国市場に浸透していくということは,日本の「食文化」の輸出という意味もある。中国に進出した外資系ファーストフード企業各社が中国人の食生活や嗜好にあつた商品を開発・提供していることが、新たな外食需要を喚起している側面もあるのではないかと考える。三重大学大学院生物資源学研究科博士前期課程資源循環学専攻thesi

Der Erwerb der "Heiterkeit" in "Neuzeit" : eine Betrachtung über den Begriff "Humors" in Hegels Kunstphilosophie

村田誠一先生 退職記念論文集application/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape

Numerical simulation of an excavation disturbed zonearound a tunnel in brittle rock<速報>

The micromechanics-based damage model proposed by Golshani et al. (2005) is extended so that time-dependent behavior of brittle material can be taken into account, with special attention to the numerical analysis of an excavation damage zone (EDZ) around a tunnel, which is a major concern in assessing the safety of underground repositories. The present model is capable of reproducing the three characteristic stages of creep behavior (i.e., primary, secondary and tertiary creep) commonly observed in laboratory creep tests. Using the present model, sub-critical microcrack growth parameters (i.e. n and A) can be determined for Inada granite by fitting the numerical results of elapse time to failure versus the creep stress ratio curve with the experimental data under both dry and wet conditions. It is found that moisture has a significant influence on the parameter A rather than the parameter n. Use of the extended model makes it possible to analyze not only the extension of microcrack length, but also the development of the excavation damage zone (EDZ) around tunnels as a function of time. The disturbed zones mainly develop in the sidewalls of the tunnel in the case that the vertical stress is larger than the horizontal stress.textapplication/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape

Significance of Stabilometry for Assessing Postoperative Body Sway in Patients with Cervical Myelopathy

[Study Design] Prospective study. [Purpose] To examine the changes in body sway using stabilometry in patients who underwent cervical laminoplasty for cervical myelopathy. [Overview of Literature] Although the patients of cervical myelopathy complain body sway there are few report to examine body sway objectively. [Methods] Patients who received treatment for cervical myelopathy between October 2010 and February 2013 were included. Twenty-one patients underwent cervical laminoplasty (myelopathy group). Body sway was assessed using stabilometry, wherein patients stood on a stabilometer with their eyes closed for 30 seconds. The Romberg ratio, outer peripheral area (OPA) with eyes closed (cm2), and total locus length per unit area (L/A) with eyes closed (/cm) were examined. Examinations were performed preoperatively (at baseline) and at 8 weeks postoperatively. Examination results of patients in the myelopathy group were compared with those of 17 healthy individuals (control group). Clinical symptoms were evaluated using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association scale score (JOA score) and the timed up and go (TUG) test. [Results] In the myelopathy and control groups, the mean baseline Romberg ratio, OPA, and L/A were 2.3±1.2, 8.9±5.5 cm2, and 14.2±5.3/cm and 1.4±1.0, 4.3±2.8 cm2, and 23.7±10.1/cm, respectively. Eight weeks after laminoplasty, only L/A showed significant improvement from baseline in the myelopathy group (23.2±10.1 to 16.8±7.9; p=0.03). The Romberg ratio and OPA showed improvement in the myelopathy group, but the changes were not statistically significant. JOA scores and TUG test results in this group significantly improved from baseline to 8 weeks after laminoplasty (12.7 to 13.4 and 10.8 to 8.0 seconds, respectively; both p<0.05). [Conclusions] L/A is a useful parameter for measuring body sway to assess the recovery of body sway after laminoplasty.journal articl

Hierarchical clustering of probe intensities of CD44 core probes.

<div><p>Core probes of CD44 are clustered by average linkage hierarchical clustering based on their intensities in 11 tissues (a total of 33 samples).</p> <p>The distance metric is (1-Pearson correlation coefficient).</p> <p>A total of 44 core probes are selected when we cut the clustering dendrogram at <i>h</i> = 0.1 (indicated by the dashed horizontal line).</p></div

ヘーゲル ノ ゲイジュツ テツガク ト「キンダイ」 : 「リネン」ト「カンセイテキ ケンゲン」トノ カンケイ オ メグッテ

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The impact of gene expression levels on probe selection.

<div><p>We grouped 17056 transcript clusters into ten distinct bins according to the height where we cut the clustering dendrogram (<i>h_final</i>).</p> <p>For each transcript cluster, we calculated its peak gene expression index in the 11 tissues using selected probes.</p> <p>Then we took an average for each bin.</p> <p>The values of tree cutoff (X-axis) were negatively correlated with average peak gene expression levels in the 11 tissues (Y-axis).</p></div

Effects of probe selection on genes differentially expressed between liver and muscle.

<div><p>(<b>A</b>) 438 transcript clusters were defined as overexpressed in liver relative to muscle, based on 3′ expression array data (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000088#s2" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>).</p> <p>Using gene expression indexes computed from all core probes or the selected core probes, we calculated the average gene expression fold change in three liver samples over three muscle samples.</p> <p>The X-axis shows the fold change using all core probes, and the Y-axis shows the fold change using selected core probes.</p> <p>The red line indicates the 45-degree line (Y = X).</p> <p>(<b>B</b>) A magnification of (A) when the fold change computed from all core probes was less than 6.</p> <p>(<b>C</b>) 500 transcript clusters were defined as overexpressed in muscle relative to liver, based on 3′ expression array data (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000088#s2" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>).</p> <p>Using gene expression indexes computed from all core probes or the selected core probes, we calculated the average gene expression fold change in three muscle samples over three liver samples.</p> <p>The X-axis shows the fold change using all core probes, and the Y-axis shows the fold change using selected core probes.</p> <p>The red line indicates the 45-degree line (Y = X).</p> <p>(<b>D</b>) A magnification of (C) when the fold change computed from all core probes was less than 6.</p></div

Gene expression indexes computed using all probes, all core probes, and selected core probes.

<div><p>(<b>A</b>) Gene expression indexes of transcript cluster 2899110 (HFE) are computed using all probes (black circles), all core probes (red triangles) and selected probes (green rectangles).</p> <p>Probe selection increases the gene expression indexes computed for all the samples.</p> <p>The relative expression levels in different tissues remain unaltered.</p> <p>(<b>B</b>) Gene expression indexes of transcript cluster 3833500 (SPTBN4, a gene known to be overexpressed in brain and cerebellum).</p> <p>Probe selection strengthens the pattern of overexpression in cerebellum (sample #4, #5 and #6).</p></div

Probe design of exon arrays.

<div><p>(<b>A</b>) Exon-intron structure of a gene.</p> <p>Black boxes represent exons. Gray boxes represent introns. Introns are not drawn to scale.</p> <p>(<b>B</b>) Probe design of exon arrays.</p> <p>Exon arrays have four probes targeting each exon of the gene.</p> <p>(<b>C</b>) Probe design of 3′ expression arrays.</p> <p>Probes on 3′ expression arrays target 3′ end of the mRNA sequence.</p></div