「励まし」の教育学的考察

application/pdf人間科学論集. 1999, 29, P.81-98departmental bulletin pape

Nonuniform Distribution of Molecularly Thin Lubricant Caused by Inhomogeneous Buried Layers of Discrete Track Media

A method of estimating the thickness distribution on a surface with inhomogeneous buried layers is presented. It revealed that the lubricant distributes nonuniformly on discrete track media (DTM). First, the estimation method was theoretically developed. To balance the disjoining pressures of the lubricants in the track and off-track regions, the lubricant takes different film thicknesses in the two regions because the regions consist of different materials and have different intermolecular interactions. Formulating the balance of the disjoining pressures by using the theory for intermolecular force, we obtained the thicknesses in the two regions. Next, the validity of the theoretical estimation was experimentally verified. When a nonpolar lubricant was applied to a nanometer-thick oxide layer on a silicon surface, which was locally fabricated by probe oxidation, AFM images showed that the lubricant height in the oxide region decreased and the thickness distribution agreed well with that predicted by theory. Using the developed theory, we estimated the lubricant thicknesses on DTM. Even if lubricant is uniformly applied onto the disk, it moves from the off-track to track regions due to the pressure balance. Thus, the theory predicts that the lubricant is thicker in the track regions than the off-track region at equilibrium.journal articl

PE磨耗ゼロを目指すTi-13Nb-13Zr (F1713)製人工股関節骨頭コンポーネントの開発

One of the major problems of total hip arthroplasty is the wear of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) acetabular socket, therefore it is necessary to intercept the wear products. The authors tried to dissolve this problem to keep a good fluid film lubrication between the Ti-13Nb-13Zr femoral head ball and the PE socket. Because , the directly contact of the components was avoided with the film to establish by a newly precise processing technology of these components.textapplication/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape

Evidence for Muon Neutrino Oscillation in an Accelerator-Based Experiment

journal articl

Crystal Structures and Conduction Paths of Sc-Doped CaTiO₃ Fast Oxide-Ion Conductors with Orthorhombic Symmetry

The crystal structures and electron density distributions (EDDs) of Ca-deficient Sc-doped CaTiO3 fast oxide-ion conductors, Ca0.97(Ti0.97Sc0.03)O3−δ (CTS3) and Ca0.96(Ti0.9Sc0.1)O3−δ (CTS10), were investigated in the temperature range of 298–1173 K in N2 to analyze the effect of composition on the perovskite structure and oxide-ion transport mechanism. CTS3 and CTS10 exhibited orthorhombic Pnma symmetry in temperature ranges of 298–1173 K and 973–1173 K, respectively, with CTS10 exhibiting lower symmetry and reduction in oxide-ion conductivity below 973 K. The EDDs of CTS3 and CTS10 at 1173 K indicated unique chemical bonds and conduction paths. CTS3 and CTS10 showed covalent bonds between (Ti,Sc) and O1 (or O2) sites. CTS3, with a lower oxide-ion conductivity than that of CTS10, exhibited pseudo-one-dimensional (1D) zig-zag curved conduction paths for oxide-ions along the a-axis, unlike previously reported curved migration paths along the b-axis in CaTiO3, and chemical bonds between Ca and O1 sites, indicating oxide-ion conduction suppression. In CTS10, additional conduction paths were observed along the a-axis, forming three-dimensional (3D) zig-zag curved conduction paths in the ac-plane and along the b-axis, with the weakening of the chemical bonds between the Ca and O1 sites. The oxide-ion conductivity and mobile oxide-ion concentration of CTS10 were 3.6 and 2.0 times those of CTS3, respectively, at 1173 K; the higher oxide-ion conductivity of CTS10 could be attributed to an increase in the mobile oxide-ion concentration and mobility with a 1D to 3D change in the conduction paths and a weakening of chemical bonds between the Ca and O1 sites

A Unique Dermal Dendritic Cell Subset That Skews the Immune Response toward Th2

<div><p>Dendritic cell (DC) subsets in the skin and draining lymph nodes (LNs) are likely to elicit distinct immune response types. In skin and skin-draining LNs, a dermal DC subset expressing macrophage galactose-type C-type lectin 2 (MGL2/CD301b) was found distinct from migratory Langerhans cells (LCs) or CD103⁺ dermal DCs (dDCs). Lower expression levels of Th1-promoting and/or cross-presentation-related molecules were suggested by the transcriptome analysis and verified by the quantitative real-time PCR analysis in MGL2⁺ dDCs than in CD103⁺ dDCs. Transfer of MGL2⁺ dDCs but not CD103⁺ dDCs from FITC-sensitized mice induced a Th2-type immune response <i>in vivo</i> in a model of contact hypersensitivity. Targeting MGL2⁺ dDCs with a rat monoclonal antibody against MGL2 efficiently induced a humoral immune response with Th2-type properties, as determined by the antibody subclass. We propose that the properties of MGL2⁺ dDCs, are complementary to those of CD103⁺ dDCs and skew the immune response toward a Th2-type response.</p></div

A Th2-type humoral response is induced by targeting MGL2⁺ dDCs <i>in vivo</i>.

<p>(A) One day after the injection of biotinylated anti-MGL2 mAbs or rat IgG2a (isotype control) into <i>Mgl2</i>^+/+ or <i>Mgl2</i>^–/– mice, cells from draining LNs were subjected to flow cytometry analysis for biotin residues internalized into CD11c⁺ DCs using PE-SAv. (B) Flow cytometry analysis of surface MGL2 on the cells, gated for the levels of PE-SAv binding and CD11c circled in the panel A. (C) Antibodies specific for rat IgG2a in sera were detected 1 week after the injection of rat anti-MGL2 mAbs or rat IgG2a (isotype control) into <i>Mgl2</i>^+/+ mice or <i>Mgl2</i>^–/– mice. (D) Sera obtained 1 week after the injection of anti-MGL2 mAbs into <i>Mgl2</i>^+/+ mice were assessed for antibody isotypes that were specific for rat IgG2a. (A–D) The experiments were independently performed three times.</p

Paucity in IL-12 production by MGL2⁺ dDCs.

<p>(A) Flow cytometry analysis of intracellular IL-12_p40 in MGL2⁺ dDCs, MGL2^–CD103^– skin-derived DCs, and CD103⁺ dDCs in skin-draining LNs under naïve or sensitized conditions. MGL2⁺ dDCs are shown as “MGL2,” MGL2^–CD103^– DCs are shown as “DN” and CD103⁺ dDCs are shown as “CD103.” Cells from naïve mice are shown as “Naïve,” and cells from sensitized mice are shown as “Sensitized.” Areas shaded in gray indicate the staining pattern with an isotype control antibody. The numbers represent the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of each skin-derived DC subset. (B) The MFI of IL-12_p40 for each skin-derived DC subset is shown in panel A in bar graphs. Data are shown as the mean ± SD of three biological replicates (n = 3); n.s. indicates that the difference is not statistically significant. (A–B) The experiments were independently performed three times. (C) Concentrations of IL-12_p40 and IL-12_p70 in culture supernatant of MHCII^highMGL2⁺ dDCs, MHCII^highCD103⁺ dDCs, FITC⁺MGL2⁺ dDCs, and FITC⁺CD103⁺ dDCs were measured by the Bio-Plex Suspension Array System and are shown in the panels as “Naive MGL2,” “Naïve CD103,” “Sensitized MGL2,” and “Sensitized CD103,” respectively. The experiments were independently performed two times.</p

Table_3_TCR Repertoire Analysis Reveals Mobilization of Novel CD8+ T Cell Clones Into the Cancer-Immunity Cycle Following Anti-CD4 Antibody Administration.xlsx

Depletion of CD4+ cells using an anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (anti-CD4 mAb) induces the expansion of tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells and strong antitumor effects in several murine tumor models. However, it is not known whether the anti-CD4 mAb treatment activates a particular or a broad spectrum of tumor-reactive CD8+ T cell clones. To investigate the changes in the TCR repertoire induced by the anti-CD4 mAb treatment, we performed unbiased high-throughput TCR sequencing in a B16F10 mouse subcutaneous melanoma model. By Inter-Organ Clone Tracking analysis, we demonstrated that anti-CD4 mAb treatment increased the diversity and combined frequency of CD8+ T cell clones that overlapped among the tumor, draining lymph node (dLN), and peripheral blood repertoires. Interestingly, the anti-CD4 mAb treatment-induced expansion of overlapping clones occurred mainly in the dLN rather than in the tumor. Overall, the Inter-Organ Clone Tracking analysis revealed that anti-CD4 mAb treatment enhances the mobilization of a wide variety of tumor-reactive CD8+ T cell clones into the Cancer-Immunity Cycle and thus induces a robust antitumor immune response in mice.</p

Encyclopedic transcriptome analysis of MGL2⁺ dDCs and CD103⁺ dDCs and results of quantitative real-time PCR for the transcripts suggested by the transcriptome analysis to have differential levels.

<p>(A–D) Reciprocal two-dimensional plots of the results of transcriptome analysis among MHCII^highMGL2⁺ cells, MHCII^highCD103⁺ cells, FITC⁺MGL2⁺ cells and FITC⁺CD103⁺ cells. In these panels, MHCII^highMGL2⁺ dDCs are indicated as “Naïve MGL2⁺ dDC,” MHCII^highCD103⁺ dDCs are indicated as “Naïve CD103⁺ dDC,” FITC⁺MGL2⁺ dDCs are indicated as “Sensitized MGL2⁺ dDC,” and FITC⁺CD103⁺ dDCs are indicated as “Sensitized CD103⁺ dDC.” (A) All transcripts of cells from naïve mice and cells from sensitized mice are shown. The numbers in the parentheses indicate the number of transcripts expressed 3 times greater than the other dDC subset. (B–D) The numbers of transcripts in selected categories are plotted. In the comparisons, the names of the transcripts are indicated when they fit the following criteria: (1) the number is greater than 15 in MGL2⁺ dDCs or in CD103⁺ dDCs, and (2) the difference in the number is 5-fold or greater both before and after sensitization. The diagonal lines represent the border for 3-fold differences. (B) Transcripts of cytokines, chemokines and TNF ligand superfamily members are shown. (C) Transcripts of cytokine receptors, chemokine receptors, and TNF receptor superfamily members are shown. (D) Transcripts of C-type lectins, TLRs and NLRs are shown. (E) The quantitative real-time PCR analysis of the expression of indicated genes (<i>Cxcl2, Cxcl3, Ccl1, Il12b, Xcr1, Naip2, Clec4n, Clec9a</i> and <i>Tlr3</i>). They were chosen from the categories indicated above (B), (C), and (D) and the differences between MGL2⁺ dDCs and CD103⁺ dDCs based on the transcriptome analysis, appeared to be significant under both untreated and sensitized conditions (Figs. 3B–D). (A–E) Transcriptome analysis was performed once. The quantitative real-time PCR analysis was independently performed more than two times.</p