High-affinity uptake of kynurenine and nitric oxide-mediated inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in bone marrow-derived myeloid dendritic cells

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)-initiated tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway in some dendritic cells (DC) such as plasmacytoid DC regulates T-cell responses. It is unclear whether bone marrow-derived myeloid DC (BMDC) express functional IDO. The IDO expression was examined in CD11c+CD11b+ BMDC differentiated from mouse bone marrow cells using GM-CSF. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG) induced the expression of IDO protein with the production of nitric oxide (NO) in BMDC in cultures for 24 hr. In the enzyme assay using cellular extracts of BMDC, the IDO activity of BMDC stimulated with CpG was enhanced by the addition of a NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, suggesting that IDO activity was suppressed by NO production. On the other hand, the concentration of Kyn in the culture supernatant of BMDC was not increased by stimulation with CpG. Exogenously added Kyn was taken up by BMDC independently of CpG stimulation and NO production, and the uptake of Kyn was inhibited by a transport system L-specific inhibitor or high concentrations of tryptophan. The uptake of tryptophan by BMDC was markedly lower than that of Kyn. In conclusion, IDO activity in BMDC is down-regulated by NO production, whereas BMDC strongly take up exogenous Kyn.journal articl

中学校技術・家庭科技術分野の「水産生物の栽培」におけるキンギョ（三尾和金）を用いた題材の開発<教育科学>

The “cultivation of aquatic organisms” topic from the “nurturing living things” subject of the “technology and home economics” course has very little teaching materials available. This is because its systematic study guidance method has been not considered in detail. Hence, this study aimed to develop the teaching materials for the above-mentioned topic by focusing on goldfish (Garassius auratus) cultivation. To effectively develop the teaching materials, we actually cultivated goldfish and devised a method for developing fisheries in high school. We further interviewed a specialist in the field and evaluated the problems involved in cultivating goldfish and the educational effects that this cultivation has on students. On the one hand, goldfish cultivation as teaching material showed the following advantages based on the physiological and ecological characteristics of goldfish: (1) they are easy to handle, (2) they have high resistance to diseases, and (3) feeding them immediately after they hatch directly influences their survival rate. On the other hand, the following disadvantages were revealed: (1) lack of clear criteria to evaluate the gold fish based on appearance and (2) managing the goldfish during summer vacation as students are away from school during this time. Further, the teaching material also evaluated the effect of different cultivation densities on the individual size and body color of the goldfish.textapplication/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape

Upper Bound on the Decay τ→μγ from the Belle Detector

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Characteristics of the patients with symptomatic carotid plaques in the clinical substudy (n = 37).

<p>Characteristics of the patients with symptomatic carotid plaques in the clinical substudy (n = 37).</p

Autoantibodies to the apoB-100 peptides p45 and p210 in 64-year-old women with diabetes, impaired (IGT) and normal (NGT) glucose tolerance.

<p>Ab, antibodies; Values given as absorbance units at 405 nm; Values are median (IQR).</p><p>Autoantibodies to the apoB-100 peptides p45 and p210 in 64-year-old women with diabetes, impaired (IGT) and normal (NGT) glucose tolerance.</p

Concentrations of cadmium in different sections of symptomatic carotid plaques.

<p>The concentrations of cadmium by g of dry and wet weight in the upstream, stenosis, and downstream sections of endarterectomies from patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis (n = 16). Data are geometric mean (SE).</p

Autoantibodies to the apoB-100 peptides p45 and p210 in 64-year-old women in relation to occurrence of atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid arteries.

<p>Ab, antibodies; Values given as absorbance units at 405 nm; Values are median (IQR)</p><p>**<i>P</i> = 0.009</p><p>Autoantibodies to the apoB-100 peptides p45 and p210 in 64-year-old women in relation to occurrence of atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid arteries.</p

Description of a highly stenotic carotid plaque and the division of the endarerectomies.

<p>The figure shows an endarterectomy (an atherosclerotic plaques, excised at operation) and the arrow shows the direction of the blood flow. The endarterectomy samples were prepared in relation to the blood flow direction and the bifurcation between the internal (ICA) and external (ECA) carotid artery. The inner flow divider was defined as the zero point in the vascular lumen, separating the blood flow to ICA and ECA (A) and was localized at the bifurcation (B) minus 1.5 mm [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0121240#pone.0121240.ref023" target="_blank">23</a>]. From that zero point the stenosis part of the plaque was defined as -1.5 to 4.5 mm. The upstream part was < -1.5 mm and the downstream part as >4.5 mm of the endarterectomy. CCA—common carotid artery.</p

Correlation between cadmium levels in blood and atherosclerotic plaques (endarterectomies).

<p>Scatterplot of cadmium concentrations in blood in relation to those in carotid endarterectomies by g of dry and wet weight (n = 35).</p

Relation between IgM MDA-p210 autoantibody levels and presence of carotid plaques.

<p>The figure shows the proportion of 64-year-old women with prevalent atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid arteries in each tertile of serum concentrations of IgM MDA-p210 autoantibodies. Chi-square test was used for comparison between groups. Abs units, absorbance units at 405 nm.</p