経営企画部門の機能と役割

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A Research Note : Understanding Children from a Developmental Perspective : Developmental Turning Point at the Age of 9 or 10

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Observation of B+→pp̅π+, B0→pp̅K0, and B+→pp̅K*+

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A FUNCTIONAL LAW OF THE ITERATED LOGARITHM FOR SAMPLE SEQUENCES

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多角的法律関係の法的構造に関する覚書

2008-12-15departmental bulletin pape

BDNF expression is regulated by EE.

<p>(A) <i>Top</i>: Vertical sections through the retina of P30 DR mice are immunostained for BDNF (green) and labelled with a nuclear marker (TOTO, red). BDNF immunoreactivity in RGC layer is remarkably lower in DR (center) than in normal non-EE mice (left), while RGC layer of EE-DR mice (right) shows a level of BDNF immunofluorescence similar to that of normal mice. Scale bar: 20 µm. <i>Bottom:</i> Quantitative analysis of BDNF immunofluorescence intensity normalized to background level in the RGC layer of normal non-EE (white), DR (black) and EE-DR mice (grey). BDNF immunofluorescence in the RGC layer of DR mice is significantly lower than in non-EE and EE-DR mice; no difference was found between non-EE and EE-DR mice (ANOVA on Ranks, p<0,001; Dunn's Method). (B) <i>Top</i>: Vertical sections through the retina of P8 mice. Sections are immunostained for BDNF (green) and labelled with a nuclear marker (TOTO, red). BDNF immunoreactivity is lower in the RGC layer of non-EE mice (top) with respect to that in the RGC layer of EE mice of the same age. Scale bar: 20 µm. <i>Bottom</i>: Quantitative analysis of BDNF immunofluorescence intensity normalized to background level in the RGC layer of non-EE (white) and EE mice (red). t-test shows a statistical difference (asterisk) between the two groups (p<0.001). The bars indicate SEM.</p

Percentage of bistratified RGCs in EE BDNF antisense and sense-treated mice

<p>Percentage of bistratified RGCs in P16 EE mice treated with BDNF antisense oligos, with BDNF sense oligos or untreated (EE). For each retina, the total number of RGCs analyzed and the percentage of bistratified RGCs are indicated; for each group, the mean percentage of bistratified RGCs and the total number of RGCs analyzed are also reported.</p

EE counteracts DR effects promoting RGC dendritic maturation.

<p>(A) The average percentage of bistratified RGCs in normal non-EE (white), DR (black), and EE-DR mice (grey) at P30. The percentage of bistratified RGCs is 30,8±2,9% in non-EE mice (N = 4, data replotted from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000346#pone-0000346-g002" target="_blank">Fig. 2</a>); DR blocks RGC dendritic stratification (bistratified cells 55,9±5,2% at P30, N = 5 mice, 65/121 cells), while this process takes place normally in EE-DR mice (P30 EE-DR mice: bistratified cells 32,2±1,4%, N = 4, 40/126 cells). One Way ANOVA shows a statistically significant difference between normal non-EE and DR, and between EE-DR and DR mice; EE-DR are not different from non-EE mice (One Way ANOVA, p<0,001; <i>post-hoc</i> Tukey's test). The bars indicate SEM. EE from birth prevents DR effects on the developmental remodelling of RGC dendrites. (B) Percentage of bistratified RGCs and sample size for each retina in DR and EE-DR mice. Data for non-EE mice are in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000346#pone-0000346-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Dendritic stratification pattern of RGCs in Thy-1 mGFP mice.

<p>(A) Confocal image of an RGC from whole-mount retina of a mGFP mouse. GFP expression is enhanced with a specific immunostaining. Immunostaining with anti-GFP antibody shows that RGC somata, dendrites and axons are GFP-positive [scale bar = 50 µm]. (B) Schematic representation of the patterning of cholinergic amacrine cell projections (red), which identify the a and b sublaminae of the IPL. An ON- and an OFF-center RGC, with dendrites monostratified in the b or a sublaminae, respectively, and an ON-OFF bistratified RGC are drawn in green. GCL: ganglion cell layer; IPL: inner plexiform layer; INL: inner nuclear layer. (C, D, E): Top row: examples of RGC (green) confocal reconstructed maximum projection images taken from whole-mount retinas from P16 mGFP mice; bottom row: 90 degrees rotation images of the cells displayed above. Red label denotes the immunolabeling pattern of Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT) positive amacrine cells. Confocal microscopy was used to produce stacked images of three-dimensional reconstructed GFP-expressing RGCs and of ChAT positive amacrine cells. ChAT positive cell bodies are respectively in the GCL and in the INL, while their projections form two bands clearly visible in the rotated images (white arrow heads) that run along the sublamina a and b of the IPL. Bistratified RGCs present a double-layered segregated arborization with respect to the two anti-ChAT labeled bands (C, bottom), while monostratified ganglion cells have their dendrites proximal to the cell body and restricted to the ChAT positive band within sublamina b (D, bottom) or distal to the cell body and restricted to the outermost ChAT positive band in sublamina a (E, bottom) [scale bars = 50 µm]. (F, G, H) Examples of RGC (green) confocal images taken from 25 µm vertical retinal sections from P30 mGFP mice. The red bands representing the projections of cholinergic amacrine cells immunolabeled with ChAT, which denote the sublaminae of the IPL, are pointed at with white arrow heads [scale bar = 50 µm].</p

RGC stratification during postnatal development in normal non-EE Thy-1 mGFPmice.

<p>(A) Schematic representation illustrating the passage from immature to adult state during development of RGC dendritic stratification (cholinergic amacrine cells in red, RGCs in green). (B) Percentages of monostratified and bistratified RGCs during development in normal non-EE mice between P10 and P30 are respectively 34,2±3,5% at P10 (N = 4), 46,2±3,2% at P16 (N = 4), 69,2±2,9% at P30 (N = 5) for monostratified cells, and 65,8±3,5% at P10, 53,8±3,2% at P16, 30,8±2,9% at P30 for bistratified cells. Vertical bars indicate SEM. There is a significant decline of bistratified RGCs with age (One Way ANOVA, p<0,001). The size of the RGC sample (total number of RGCs analyzed) and the percentage of bistratified RGCs are reported for each retina in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000346#pone-0000346-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p