Observation of the DsJ(2317) and DsJ(2457) in B Decays

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SPECTRAL SEQUENCES IN K-THEORY FOR A TWISTED QUADRATIC EXTENSION

application/pdfWe describe spectral sequences of K-groups which can be constructed for a twisted quadratic extension of antistructures. These spectral sequences are based on Tate cohomology groups of the groups K_{i}(R), i in{0,1} . The existence of such spectral sequences follows from an earlier work by Muranov if one uses the methods of construction of spectral sequences originally due to Hambleton and Kharshiladze. We describe the first differentials in these spectral sequences and then give some examples related to surgery.departmental bulletin pape

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Taxonomic classification of sequences on individual blades of <i>Porphyra umbilicalis</i> (% abundance normalized to the number of sequences in each sample) using sequences recovered from both V8 and V5V6 libraries.

<p>Color codes are grey for absence in all blades; white for absence when the taxon was recovered in at least one blade (n = 12), light pink = >0 to 1%; orange  = >1% to 10%; red  = >10% to 50%; and dark red  = >50%. These categories make it possible to compare blades across libraries, but strictly the colors apply only vertically within each sample. The taxonomic level refers to phylum (2), class (3), order (4), family (5) and genus (6) here and in the supplemental tables.</p

Severe damage to algae exposed to acute cold shock either <i>in hospite</i> or in culture.

(A) In an experiment like that of Fig 4C and 4D, algae collected from the ASW 24 h after the end of the cold shock and return of the anemones to standard culture conditions were fixed and examined by electron microscopy; algae in hospite in unperturbed animals (Fig 6A) provide a comparison. (B) Maximum quantum yields of Photosystem II as judged by Fv/Fm for (i) algae in hospite in anemones under standard culture conditions (n = 3 animals; mean ± SD is shown); (ii) algae collected from the ASW in tubs that contained ~45 (left) or ~75 (right) anemones 24 h after an acute cold shock to the anemones [as in Fig 4C and 4D; means ± SDs of two (left) or three (right) technical replicates are shown]; (iii) cultured algae (strain SSA01) growing at 27°C, 10 μmol photons m-2 s-1 (three replicate experiments were performed using separately grown cultures; mean ± SD is shown); and (iv) cultured algae that were collected 24 h after an acute cold shock as in Fig 4C and 4D but with the incubation after the shock at 27°C, 10 μmol photons m-2 s-1 (three replicate experiments were performed using separately grown cultures; mean ± SD is shown). (C,D) Cultured algae of strain SSA01 were fixed and examined by electron microscopy (C) during growth at 27°C, 10 μmol photons m-2 s-1 or (D) 24 h after a 4-h cold shock in the dark as in Fig 4C and 4D but with the incubation after the shock at 27°C, 10 μmol photons m-2 s-1.</p

Rarefaction of sequences by number (in any order) of blades sampled in each group within the V8 library (i.e., “1” on the x-axis would not refer to either F1 or W1).

<p>Means (±95% C.I. as broken lines) are plotted.</p

Diversity and Abundance of the Bacterial Community of the Red Macroalga <em>Porphyra umbilicalis</em>: Did Bacterial Farmers Produce Macroalgae?

<div><p>Macroalgae harbor microbial communities whose bacterial biodiversity remains largely uncharacterized. The goals of this study were 1) to examine the composition of the bacterial community associated with <i>Porphyra umbilicalis</i> Kützing from Schoodic Point, ME, 2) determine whether there are seasonal trends in species diversity but a core group of bacteria that are always present, and 3) to determine how the microbial community associated with a laboratory strain (P.um.1) established in the presence of antibiotics has changed. <i>P. umbilicalis</i> blades (n = 5, fall 2010; n = 5, winter 2011; n = 2, clonal P.um.1) were analyzed by pyrosequencing over two variable regions of the 16 S rDNA (V5–V6 and V8; 147,880 total reads). The bacterial taxa present were classified at an 80% confidence threshold into eight phyla (Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, Chloroflexi, Actinobacteria, Deinococcus-Thermus, Firmicutes, and the candidate division TM7). The Bacteroidetes comprised the majority of bacterial sequences on both field and lab blades, but the Proteobacteria (Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria) were also abundant. Sphingobacteria (Bacteroidetes) and Flavobacteria (Bacteroidetes) had inverse abundances on natural versus P.um.1 blades. Bacterial communities were richer and more diverse on blades sampled in fall compared to winter. Significant differences were observed between microbial communities among all three groups of blades examined. Only two OTUs were found on all 12 blades, and only one of these, belonging to the Saprospiraceae (Bacteroidetes), was abundant. <i>Lewinella</i> (as 66 OTUs) was found on all field blades and was the most abundant genus. Bacteria from the Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes that are known to digest the galactan sulfates of red algal cell walls were well-represented. Some of these taxa likely provide essential morphogenetic and beneficial nutritive factors to <i>P. umbilicalis</i> and may have had unexpected effects upon evolution of macroalgal form as well as function.</p> </div

Biplot of all blade samples in a nmds ordination (here showing an axis1-axis 3 plot) with blade OTUs that belong to the core microbiome described from the V8 library.

<p>Vectors pointing toward “axis 3” are associated with winter samples; vectors pointing toward the bottom “axis 1” label are associated with fall samples, and vectors pointing away from the “axis 1” label are associated with laboratory samples. The OTU's length indicates the strength of the association, and the direction indicates the direction of the effect; the relative positions of each sample (n = 12) are plotted in the biplot. Numbers for OTUs in the figure correspond to OTU reference numbers as follows and 9 OTUs are significantly associated with an axis at <i>p</i><0.05: 1 = OTU 1982; 2 = OTU 2387; 3 = OTU 2410; 4 = OTU 2427; 5 = OTU 2434; 6 = OTU 2521; 7 = OTU 2525; 8 = OTU 2493(NS); 9 = OTU 2408; 10 = OTU 1933(NS); 11 = OTU 2219(NS); 12 = OTU 2494(NS); 13 = OTU 2225; for taxonomic classification see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0058269#pone-0058269-t004" target="_blank">Table 4</a>; also see Table S9 for significantly associated OTUs.</p

Apparent predominance of algal expulsion over host-cell detachment during bleaching under various stress conditions.

<p>In experiments like those of Figs <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0152693#pone.0152693.g002" target="_blank">2A–2F</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0152693#pone.0152693.g004" target="_blank">4A–4D</a>, samples of released material (typically small boluses) were collected from the ASW containing anemones under standard culture conditions and at times coinciding with significant rates of bleaching under stress (for acute cold shock, this is 1 d after the return to standard culture conditions). These samples were fixed, stained with DAPI, and examined by confocal microscopy as described in Materials and Methods. For each independent experiment, three separate samples of released material were examined in a <i>z</i>-stack of ~20 optical sections, and each nucleus was scored for whether it was inside an algal cell (an algal nucleus) or not (a host-cell nucleus), as judged by comparison to the chlorophyll fluorescence from the algal chloroplasts (which are largely concentrated in the cell cortex—see Figs <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0152693#pone.0152693.g006" target="_blank">6A</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0152693#pone.0152693.g008" target="_blank">8C</a>). The same scoring strategy was used with physical sections of intact anemones embedded as described in Materials and Methods. One of the three animals in which sections were examined had been grown under standard conditions; the other two had been subjected to heat and light stress for 6 and 48 h, respectively. (A) Diagram illustrating the scoring strategy. Expulsion of algae would yield "naked" algae in which the associated nuclei (N) would be seen to be within the algal cells (left), whereas host-cell detachment would reveal host-cell nuclei that were associated with, but not within, algal cells (right). (B and C) Single confocal optical sections of (B) a physical section of an intact anemone and (C) a sample of material released from animals subjected to acute cold shock, to illustrate the scoring diagrammed in A. The outlines of nuclei determined by image-analysis software (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0152693#sec002" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>) were overlaid on the red-channel images of algal cells revealed by chlorophyll autofluorescence; arrowheads indicate nuclei that appear to be outside algae. (D) Percentages of nuclei scored as inside and outside algal cells in anemone sections and in the material released under different conditions; independent experiments are shown separately, and the total numbers of nuclei scored in each such experiment are indicated in parentheses.</p