The Effectiveness of the Practicum Guidebook for Nursing Students and Instructors

学生指導マニュアルを作成し、成人看護学実習Ⅰ(急性期)泌尿器科耳鼻咽喉科病棟において、看護婦と学生に使用することを試みた。学生指導マニュアルは、学習目標に基づいて疾患別(術式別)に学習内容を項目化したB6サイズの冊子である。このマニュアルの指導上の効果を知るために、看護婦の指導技術の自己評価をアンケートにより調査した。その結果、指導技術の「自分の技術に説明を加えて見学させる」「学生の考えや計画を支持する」「ケア実施に関して支持する」が、マニュアル使用前と比較して、他の指導技術よりも高い得点の伸びを示した。学生からは、実習の方向性をつかむことに役立ったという反応も得た。The purpose of this study was to develop the practicum guidebook and evaluate its effectiveness related the instructional skills of staff nurse instructors in the acute care nursing practicum at the urology and otorhinolaryngology unit. The practicum guidebook, a B6-size booklet, was developed based on the students' learning outcomes to cover their leaning contents categorized by medical diagnoses and treatments. The staff nurse instructors were asked to evaluate the effectiveness of the practicum guidebook using the same questionnaires in pre- and post-implementation phases. The nursing students were asked to evaluate its effectiveness in post-implementation phase. Significant improvements were found in the following three items related to the attitudes of the staff nurse instructors : "To demonstrate my nursing skills to the students with supplemental explanations"; "to support the students' thinking and planning process"; and "to assist the students' implementation of nursing skills." The qualitative findings of the nursing students' responses included their positive and responses such as the usefulness of the practicum guidebook to understand the direction and focus of the clinical practicum. The practicum guidebook improved several areas of attitudes of staff nurse instructors. Implications of further study include: modifications and refinement of the practicum guidebook, practicum program, and the design of the study.departmental bulletin pape

Anelastic strain recovery reveals extension across SW Japan subduction zone

Sediment dominated convergent margins typically record substantial horizontal shortening often associated with great earthquakes. The convergent margin south of Japan is arguably one of the most extensively investigated margins and previous studies have documented extensive evidence for accretion and horizontal shortening. Here, we show results from anelastic strains recovered from three partially lithified sediment samples (40~ porosities) across the southwest Japan accretionary prism and propose that the margin is dominated by horizontal extension rather than compression. The anelastic strain results are also consistent with stress directions interpreted from two independent techniques - bore hole breakout orientations and core-scale fault data. We interpret this unexpected result to reflect geologically recent underthrusting of a thick sediment package and concomitant weakening of the decollement

Assessment of cognitive reserve

Cognitive reserve (CR) is a construct that can be used to describe individual differences in the relationship between brain state and cognitive status. It refers to an individual’s potential to limit cognitive decline despite the effects of brain pathology and ageing. Multiple longitudinal population-based studies have shown that factors that increase CR contribute to dementia risk, and this has been confirmed by pathological and clinical data. CR cannot be directly measured because it is the cumulative effect of several protective and risk factors. However, the use of surrogate measures of CR remains controversial. Proxy-based measurements are quantitative methods of assessing CR. Commonly-used proxies for CR include years of education, occupational attainment and participation in leisure activities. In this review, we identify and summarize published methodologies for quantitative assessment of CR from overseas, and outline the small number of CR proxy-focused studies from Japan. CR can be used to infer prognostic predictors of cognitive function due to lesion or injury, as well as the extent of cognitive decline. Better assessment scales for CR could lead to more effective cognitive rehabilitation.REVIEW ARTICLEarticl

Perspective of speech and hearing therapy in the era of new rehabilitation

Dialogueothe

Rapid nanopatterning of a Zr-based metallic glass surface utilizing focused ion beam induced selective etching

A simple and rapid method is proposed for nanoscale patterning on a metallic glass surface using focused ion beam irradiation followed by wet etching. It was found that the etch rate of a metallic glass surface irradiated with Ga+ ions could be drastically changed, and rapid patterning was possible with this method. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy observation reveals that the metallic glass substrate maintains an amorphous phase following irradiation. Etching enhancement was not observed for irradiation with Ar+ ions. The results indicate that enhancement of etching results from the presence of implanted Ga+ ions rather than a change in crystallography

Pathophysiology of major depressive disorder related to the relationship between inflammation and the nervous system

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability. It is associated with the highest disability-adjusted life year (DALY) value among all diseases and disorders, placing a significant burden on society. Thus, new advances in treatment methods based on the pathogenesis of MDD are strongly required. Historically, the monoamine hypothesis has been the major theory of depression, but it is too simplistic. It cannot explain the latency of response in the therapeutic action of antidepressants, and up to 30% of depressed patients fail to achieve remission despite multiple treatment trials. Over the past three decades, research has suggested that inflammatory processes are involved in the onset and maintenance of MDD; the inflammatory hypothesis has been proposed. This review will highlight the association between inflammation and the nervous system and the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of MDD, including whether chronic stress (e.g., psychosocial stress) activates the inflammatory response, what kind of upstream neurogenic processes translate physiologic stress into inflammatory responses, communication pathways, or mechanisms by which the peripheral immune system can influence the brain and behavior; and the pathophysiology by which inflammation affects the nervous system and leads to MDD. Once cytokine signals reach the brain, they can interact with every pathophysiologic domain relevant to mood regulation, which includes neurotransmitter function, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, neural plasticity, and alteration of brain circuitry. Recent data demonstrating the importance of cytokines as biomarkers will also be presented.Review Articleothe

Pion and Sigma Polarizabilities and Radiative Transitions

Fermilab E781 plans measurements of gamma-Sigma and $\gamma$-pion interactions using a 600 GeV beam of Sigmas and pions, and a virtual photon target. Pion polarizabilities and radiative transitions will be measured in this experiment. The former can test a precise prediction of chiral symmetry; the latter for a_1(1260) ----> pi + gamma is important for understanding the polarizability. The experiment also measures polarizabilities and radiative transitions for Sigma hyperons. The polarizabilities can test predictions of baryon chiral perturbation theory. The radiative transitions to the Sigma*(1385) provide a measure of the magnetic moment of the s-quark. Previous experimental and theoretical results for gamma-pi and gamma-Sigma interactions are given. The E781 experiment is described.Comment: 13 pages text (tex), Tel Aviv U. Preprint TAUP 2204-94, uses Springer-Verlag TEX macro package lecproc.cmm (appended at end of tex file, following \byebye), which requires extracting lecproc.cmm and putting this file in your directory in addition to the tex file (mmcd.tex) before tex processing. lecproc.cmm should be used following instructions and guidelines available from Springer-Verlag. Submitted to the Proceedings of Workshop on Chiral Dynamics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, July 1994, Eds. A. Bernstein, B. Holstein. Replaced Oct. 4 to add TAUP preprint number. Replaced Oct. 12 to correct Pb target thickness from 1.3% interaction to 0.3

Neuroinflammation and a plasmalogen hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease

Recently, there has been an increased attention paid to the role of Plasmalogens (Pls) to the development of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Pls are a kind of phospholipids and widely distributed in animal tissues (cell membranes). Pls account for about 18% of the total phospholipids in human, especially abundant in brain, heart, skeletal muscles, leukocytes, and sperms. Growing attention is now focused on the correlation between Pls and AD in the areas of biochemistry, physiology, and brain pathology. A 1995 report paved the way for subsequent studies, showing that Pls is decreased in postmortem brain of patients with AD. Another study has revealed a decrease in blood Pls. Some studies showed that oral administration of Pls improves cognitive function in AD animal models and inhibit amyloid-β accumulation. A multicenter double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial (DB-RCT) was conducted in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild AD in Japan from 2014 to 2016. This review describes the progress of fundamental and clinical research on the correlation between Pls and AD. The review of these research also brings us to propose a new hypothesis to better understand the etiology of AD.Review Articleothe