春秋・戦国・秦漢時代の都市の構造と住民の性格

戦国時代を中心とする時代に都市の爆発的な発達が生じたことは、都市遺跡や文献史料によって確認できる。しかし、その都市の発達については、経済的要因を重視する立場と政治的、軍事的要因を重視する立場とがあり、あい対立している。まず、近年の考古学の発達を踏まえて、この時代の都市遺跡の分布と規模を検討してみると、地域的な片寄りが存在することが明らかとなる。河南省や山西省南部を中心とする中原地域では巨大な都市が濃密に分布しているのに対して、その周辺地域では国都の巨大さは別として、その分布と規模はそれほどでもないのである。このような傾向は、出土文字資料や文献史料によっても確認できる。そして、このような地域差は、都市の性格自体とも大きく係わっている。中原地域の都市の発達には経済的側面が強く認められ、その独立性も顕著である。これに対して、その周辺地域では概して都市は未発達で中央集権的に統制される傾向が強い。戦国諸国家および秦漢帝国の性格や命運も、都市のこのような地域的性格の差異を踏まえて明らかにされる必要がある。とりわけ、漢帝国は都市の経済的発達を容認する傾向が強く、その中央集権的官僚制も中原地域の都市のあり方に強く規定されていたと考えられる。すなわち、漢代官僚において顕著にみられる自立性は、戦国時代以来の中原地域の都市住民のあり方を抜きにしては考えられないのである。今後、秦漢帝国の問題を考える場合、都市と官僚制の関係をより重視しなければならないであろう。科学研究費補助金 研究種目:一般研究(C) 課題番号:62510192 研究代表者:江村 治樹 研究期間:1987-1989年度research repor

Observation of the Decay B0→D±D*∓

journal articl

Opening Address (International symposium on the teaching of English in Asia : Locating the teaching of English in Japan in Asian contexts: what we can learn from China and Korea)

departmental bulletin pape

「天草本平家物語」を援用した『平家物語』教材化の提案

departmental bulletin pape

シンキ ジンコウ アンチジーン カゴウブツ ニヨル ショクブツ ノ イデンシ ハツゲン セイギョ システム

表紙はしがき第1章 アンチセンスS-オリゴを用いた植物遺伝子の機能抑制法の開発第2章 アンチセンス法による植物転写因子の機能解析第3章 RNA干渉に関して(研究分担者：福崎英一郎)第4章 核酸の会合制御と新機能の開発(研究分担者：和田健彦)research repor

<i>In Vitro</i> Optimization of EtNBS-PDT against Hypoxic Tumor Environments with a Tiered, High-Content, 3D Model Optical Screening Platform

Hypoxia and acidosis are widely recognized as major contributors to the development of treatment resistant cancer. For patients with disseminated metastatic lesions, such as most women with ovarian cancer (OvCa), the progression to treatment resistant disease is almost always fatal. Numerous therapeutic approaches have been developed to eliminate treatment resistant carcinoma, including novel biologic, chemo, radiation, and photodynamic therapy (PDT) regimens. Recently, PDT using the cationic photosensitizer EtNBS was found to be highly effective against therapeutically unresponsive hypoxic and acidic OvCa cellular populations <i>in vitro.</i> To optimize this treatment regimen, we developed a tiered, high-content, image-based screening approach utilizing a biologically relevant OvCa 3D culture model to investigate a small library of side-chain modified EtNBS derivatives. The uptake, localization, and photocytotoxicity of these compounds on both the cellular and nodular levels were observed to be largely mediated by their respective ethyl side chain chemical alterations. In particular, EtNBS and its hydroxyl-terminated derivative (EtNBS-OH) were found to have similar pharmacological parameters, such as their nodular localization patterns and uptake kinetics. Interestingly, these two molecules were found to induce dramatically different therapeutic outcomes: EtNBS was found to be more effective in killing the hypoxic, nodule core cells with superior selectivity, while EtNBS-OH was observed to trigger widespread structural degradation of nodules. This breakdown of the tumor architecture can improve the therapeutic outcome and is known to synergistically enhance the antitumor effects of front-line chemotherapeutic regimens. These results, which would not have been predicted or observed using traditional monolayer or <i>in vivo</i> animal screening techniques, demonstrate the powerful capabilities of 3D <i>in vitro</i> screening approaches for the selection and optimization of therapeutic agents for the targeted destruction of specific cellular subpopulations

A Vapor-Phase Deposited Polymer Film to Improve the Adhesion of Electroless-Deposited Copper Layer onto Various Kinds of Substrates

The adhesion of electrodeposited metal film to polymeric circuit board substrate is one of the key elements to successful miniaturization of electronic devices. However, as the size of the circuit pattern continuously decreases, a novel method is urgently required to increase the adhesion of the metal film on the substrate, especially on the smooth surface, which is critical to decrease the minimum feature size of the metal pattern. In this research, we developed an adhesion promoter layer by depositing metal chelating poly­(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) film onto various organic and inorganic substrates via initiated chemical vapor deposition process (iCVD) to enhance the adhesion between the electroless deposited copper (Cu) layer and the substrate. The highest peel strength obtained between the electroless deposited Cu layer and P4VP coated substrate was 1.22 kgf/cm. Many advantageous characteristics of the adhesion promoter layer, including extreme thinness, the improved adhesion strength, conformal coverage, scalability of the deposition process, and short process time, will prompt the applicability of this adhesion promoter layer to industrial scale production

Differences in the predicted nasoseptal flap length among races: A propensity score matching analysis

 We compared the lengths of a nasoseptal flap (NSF) and skull base according to race, age, and sex. </p

Photoluminescence of Band Gap States in AgInS₂ Nanoparticles

AgInS₂ nanoparticles of various sizes were synthesized over a range of reaction temperature from 120 to 180 °C. The band gap energies, obtained directly from photoluminescence spectra for the first time, were well correlated to the quantum confinement effects as a function of nanoparticle size, because the band gap shift was explained by the finite-depth-well effective mass approximation. The chalcopyrite and orthorhombic phases were observed to coexist in the AgInS₂ nanoparticles, although the relative population of each phase depended on the reaction temperature and time. The band gap shift of each phase was comparable, which revealed that the size was the major determinant of the change in the band gap energy. The photodynamics of the band gap states exhibited emission-wavelength dependence, which further supported the coexistence of the two phases. The contributions of each phase in the time profiles matched the relative population of each phase observed in the steady-state photoluminescence spectra

Pre- and post-operartive images of patient showing invagination of the sphenoid sinus mucosa.

(A,B) Pre-operartive PNS CT; sagittal and coronal setting. (C,D) Post-operartive PNS CT; sagittal and coronal setting. (E,F) Pre-operartive PNS MRI T1; sagittal and coronal setting. (G,H) Post-operartive PNS T1; sagittal and coronal setting. Arrows indicate invaginated lesion of the sphenoid sinus mucosa.</p