The Wallach Rearrangement of p-Nitroazoxybenzenes and the Reaction with Chlorosulfonic Acid

departmental bulletin pape

Study of CP-Violating Asymmetries in B0→π+π- Decays

journal articl

昆虫の変態・休眠の分子機構

平成8年度から平成11年度までの4年間に実施された特定領域研究(A)(1)「昆虫の変態・休眠の分子機構(略称:変態・休眠機構)」は,昆虫の有する旺盛な生存,生活戦略を変態と休眠という高次の生命現象に焦点を合わせ,この分子機構を多面的に解明することを目的として,延べ62名の研究者の参加を得て進められ,多くの研究成果を挙げてきた.「変態・休眠を支配するホルモン分子の動態と環境応答」に関する研究では,脳神経ペプチドホルモンの遺伝子の同定,合成分泌とその調節機構,ホルモンの血中動態及びホルモン受容体の解析を進め,新たな知見を得た.また「変態における自己・非自己の認識転換と形作りの分子機構」に関する研究では,幼虫組織の識別と排除機構,成虫組織の分化発生機構,ミツバチの社会性分化をもたらす遺伝子の同定とその発現機構を解明した.これらの成果の一端は平成12年12月神戸市にいて開催された平成12年度文部省主催の「大学と科学」公開シンポジウム「昆虫から学ぶ生きる知恵」において,研究者のみならず一般市民約500名に対し,公表された.一方,総括班員を中心とした研究成果の最終まとめに関する検討をもとにして,学術審議会科学研究費分科会審査第一部会生物系小委員会による特定領域研究研究終了ヒアリングを受け,その結果,Aの評価を得た.また,本研究の成果は,研究目的や研究経過に加え,本研究参加者の研究結果と発表論文リストを編集した研究成果報告書として発刊し,関連機関や研究者等に配布した.科学研究費補助金 研究種目:特定領域研究(A)(1) 課題番号:08276103 研究代表者:山下 興亜 研究期間:1996-2000年度research repor

3-CONNECTED PLANAR GRAPHS ARE 2-DISTINGUISHABLE WITH FEW EXCEPTIONS

departmental bulletin pape

宋代の婚礼説について

departmental bulletin pape

アン・ブラッドストリートの"Contemplations"を読む

application/pdfMost readers agree that Ann Bradstreet's "Contemplations" is the best and the most　skillful of her longer poems. Not only that，it is also favored as the most significant and appealing in all her work. There is a disagreement， however，in the contemporary critical opinion as to the precise nature of the poem.　Those who stress her Puritanism find"Contemplations" a typical poem of religious meditation in the seventeenth century. Others point to another kind of sensibility : a romantic view of nature close to that of English Romanticism. The present paper attempts to reveal the patterns of form of the poem and the meaning, and concludes that "Contemplations" was written precisely in the traditional pattern of meditation，the main theme being centered upon "mortality" and "immortality". A closer reading shows that although the meditation includes her usual development from "what she feels"to "what she should feel"，the conflict of choice is not a painful one nor does the latter give a forced impression. The first part of the poem is devoted to the kind of genuine delight of nature in which we can assume an anticipation of the Romantic poets. Yet，after the rather sudden realization of the poet of the mortality of nature and immortality of man， nature is viewed and expressed in terms of emblematic literature. The purpose of this paper is to stress that these three aspects of nature? nature as a genuine delight， its mortality，and nature as an emblem of God's glory? are the necessary steps of the poet in her quest for faith and to sing God's praises."Contemplations" is the singular expression of religious conversion and also the spiritual autobiography of Ann Bradstreet as a poet.departmental bulletin pape

Yel1 stimulates guanine nucleotide exchange on Arf3.

<p>(A) Yel1 preferentially stimulates nucleotide exchange on Arf3. The kinetics of GDP to GTP exchange on Arfs were monitored by determining the binding of [³⁵S]GTPγS to 2.5 µM rArf1, rArf3 or rArl1 in the absence or presence of 50 nM Yel1 Sec7 domain as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000842#s3" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>. Fold stimulation (right hand panel) is shown as the difference in GDP to GTP exchange at 2 mins+ and –GEF. It should be noted that the rate of spontaneous exchange on Arl1 is higher than that of Arf1 or Arf3, perhaps implying that, at least <i>in vitro,</i> Arl1 has a lower intrinsic affinity for nucleotides than either of the other G protein. Since the N-terminal amphipathic helix is known to play a role in “locking” G proteins in their GDP-bound conformation, it may be that removal of this domain from Arl1 has a more stimulatory effect on spontaneous nucleotide exchange than the same deletion from Arf1 or Arf3. (B) Comparison of the efficiency of Sec7 domains from different GEFs to stimulate GDP to GTP exchange on Arf3. Exchange on rArf3 was monitored as in (A) with Sec7 domains from Yel1 (cross symbols), Syt1 (squares), Sec7 (triangles) and human ARNO (circles) added at a final concentration of 50 nM. Fold stimulation (right hand panel) is shown as the difference in GDP to GTP exchange at 2 mins+ and –the different GEF proteins. Values are the means of two or three independent experiments performed in duplicate and were converted to pmoles by determining the CPM/pmole of GTPγS for each experiment. The maximum binding corresponded to ≈15–20% of the concentration of rArf3 used.</p

Yel1 is required for the localisation of Arf3.

<p>(A) Fluorescent micrographs of live yeast expressing the indicated fusion proteins. Arfs and Arls were tagged at the C-terminus and expressed from a <i>PHO5</i> promotor in both a wild-type (BY4741, top panel) and a <i>yel1</i>Δ strain (lower panel). Only the distribution of Arf3 was affected by loss of Yel1. (B) Arf3 tagged in the genome of wild-type (BY4741), and <i>yel1</i>Δ mutant strains under its own promotor. Under these conditions loss of Yel1 results in an increase in cytoplasmic Arf3 as in (A). In addition some weak plasma membrane fluorescence is apparent, although this is no longer restricted to sites of polarisied growth, and is not affected by additional loss of Syt1 (C).</p

Yel1 is a member of a conserved family of Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors.

<p>(A) Schematic diagram of the domain structure of Yel1, showing the relative positions of the Sec7 domain, the PH domain and the EFA6-like regions. Also shown is a coiled-coil prediction for Yel1 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000842#pone.0000842-Lupas1" target="_blank">[40]</a>. (B) Alignment of Yel1 with its two closest relatives from Fungi. The sequences were aligned using CLUSTALW and shaded grey when more then half the residues are related and black when they are identical. The positions of the Sec7, the PH domain and regions related to the EFA6 family of GEFs are indicated. (C) Alignment of the second EFA6-like domain found in Yel1 (highlighted in (B)) with those from other species. The C-terminal 157 residues of Yel1 were used for a PSI-BLAST search (cut off E<0.005, and after one iteration found Drosophila EFA6 (CG31158, E = 4×10⁻⁵), and after two iterations found several mammalian EFA6s (E = 6×10⁻¹⁰). No members of the other mammalian Sec7 domain families were obtained, even after six iterations after which no further sequences were found above the threshold. (D) Alignment of the Sec7 domain from Yel1 with those from yeast Sec7 and Syt1 and human EFA6B (PSD4), ARNO (PSCD2) and GRP1 (PSCD3). The critical catalytic glutamate (E) is highlighted (red asterix). <i>Aa, A. aegypti; Eg, E. gossippi; Dm, D. melanogaster; Hs, H. sapiens; Kl, K. lactis; Sc, S. cerevisiae; Sp, S. pombe.</i></p

The Sec7 domain of Yel1 is required for its localisation and for the localisation of Arf3.

<p>Fluorescent micrographs of live yeast expressing the indicated fusion proteins. (A) Yel1 was tagged with GFP in the genome of an <i>arf3</i>Δ strain, whereas Arf3-RFP was expressed in the same cells from a <i>CEN</i> plasmid under the control of a <i>PHO5</i> promotor. The two proteins were found to co-localise both to regions of polarised growth and to occasional intracellular structures. At the bud neck and bud tip the distribution of Yel1 was more restricted than that of Arf3 (arrows, right hand panels). (B) Loss of the N-terminal portion of the Yel1 protein (GFP-Yel1(388-687) resulted in its redistribution to the cytoplasm, along with Arf3-RFP. (C) Expression of the Sec7 domain of Yel1 (RFP-Yel1(1-285)) failed to rescue the mislocalisation of Arf3-GFP in a <i>yel1</i>Δ strain.</p