ミャンマーにおけるCOVID-19感染拡大要因に関する研究：横断研究

宮崎大学博士（医学）2022年度doctoral thesi

Socio-Demographic, Health, and Transport-Related Factors Affecting the COVID-19 Outbreak in Myanmar: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a worldwide threat in many aspects, making developing countries with scarce primary health care and medical services more vulnerable. Evaluation of the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic, sociodemographic variables, and medical services provides useful information to take countermeasures to stop the infection spread and could mitigate the damage. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between the spread of COVID-19 and sociodemographic variables, medical services, and the transportation system in Myanmar. Methodology This study was a cross-sectional study and was conducted using data on COVID-19 cases from August 20, 2020 to January 31, 2021 in Myanmar. We evaluated the association between the COVID-19 cases and 13 independent variables that were sociodemographic, medical services, and transportation system factors using simple linear regression analysis and multiple linear regression analysis in three phases (increasing (from August 20th to October 10th), stable (from October 11st to December 4th) and decreasing phases (from December 5th to January 31st)) on the infection timeline. Results It was found that the population density was parallelly associated with COVID-19 cases. On the other hand, among the medical services factors, the number of doctors was parallelly associated with COVID-19 cases and the number of nurses was inversely related to COVID-19 cases. Conclusions The result indicated that a high population density area was a risk factor for the increase of COVID-19 cases. This supported the worldwide countermeasures to deal with the spread of the infection, such as social distancing, banning large gatherings, working from home, and implementing quarantine procedures for suspected individuals to reduce person-to-person contact. Finally, at least in Myanmar, employing a large number of nurses could reduce the emergence of new COVID-19 cases. We believe that our study can make valuable contributions to tackling future epidemics like COVID-19 not only in Myanmar but also in other developing countries.Citation: Aung KZ, Kuroda Y, Hinoura T. Socio-Demographic, Health, and Transport-Related Factors Affecting the COVID-19 Outbreak in Myanmar: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus. 2022 Sep 28;14(9):e29693. doi: 10.7759/cureus.29693. PMID: 36320974; PMCID: PMC9616012

The Relationship Between PD-1(rs2227981) and PD-L1(rs2890658) Polymorphisms and Urothelial Cell Carcinoma

Background Urothelial cell carcinoma, which is believed to develop from the urothelium (transitional epithelium), is the most common aggressive tumor and accounts for the ten most prevalent cancers in the world. The risk factors for urothelial cell carcinoma are aging, smoking, gender, and genetic alternations. Programmed cell death1 (PD-1) has been widely described as a negative regulator of T-cells by sending inhibitory signals to the T-cell. Through PD-1 binding with PD-L1 (ligand for PD-1), an inhibitory signal is propagated to the T cell. The polymorphisms of PD-1 and PD-L1 lead to an efficient T-cell response and affect an anti-tumor reaction. The polymorphisms of PD-1 and PD-L1 could also affect the carcinogenesis of human cancer, including urothelial cell carcinoma. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the relation between PD-1(rs2227981) and PD-L1(rs2890658) polymorphisms and the carcinogenesis of urothelial cell carcinoma. Materials and methods This study was conducted using 211 healthy controls and 256 cases of urothelial cell carcinoma among the Japanese population. The DNA samples were extracted from the peripheral white blood cells of each subject. The genotype was detected by using the Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Results C/T (Adjusted OR 1.55, 95% CI:1.02-2.35) and C/T+T/T (OR 1.46, 95% CI:1.01-2.12) genotypes of PD-1 rs2227981 were significant and risk factors for urothelial cancer. Male with A/A genotype in PD-L1 and CT genotype in PD-1 has a significant higher risk factor compared with other genotypes (Adjusted OR 1.83, 95% CI:1.05-3.21). Conclusions and discussion We found that C/T(PD-1) and “A/A (PD-L1) and C/T(PD-1)” were predominant in urothelial cell carcinoma cases. This indicates that C/T(PD-1) and “A/A (PD-L1) and C/T(PD-1)” genotypes could increase susceptibility to urothelial cell carcinoma. However, since our findings indicated that the effects of PD-1 and PD-L1 polymorphisms included discrepancies, additional research will be needed to evaluate the relationship between human cancer and PD-1 and PD-L1 polymorphisms. This is the first study that seeks to find the relation between PD-1(rs2227981) and PD-L1(rs2890658) polymorphisms concerning urothelial cell carcinoma among the Japanese population.Citation: Hlaing STM, Damayanti P, Zin Aung K, Tsukino H, Hinoura T, Kuroda Y. The Relationship Between PD-1(rs2227981) and PD-L1(rs2890658) Polymorphisms and Urothelial Cell Carcinoma. Cureus. 2023 Nov 1;15(11):e48120. doi: 10.7759/cureus.4812

Precise Measurement of B Meson Lifetimes with Hadronic Decay Final States

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三重大学附属農場農産製造室改修報告

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Development of Low-Emission Combustor for a 100kW Automotive Ceramic Gas Turbine (2nd Report, Emissions of a Pre-vaporization Pre-mixing Lean Combustor)

A low emission pre-vaporization pre-mixing lean (PPL) combustor for a 100 kW automotive ceramic gas turbine (CGT) has been developed to meet the Japanese 10-15 mode regulations without after treatment such as catalysts. Emission characteristics of the combustor on a test bench, and installed in the engine were obtained under steady state and transient conditions. Transient NO_x characteristics were dominated by the primary air ratio in the same manner as the steady state NO_x characteristics. Empirical equations for NO_x and CO characteristics were proposed for the PPL combustor. NO_x, CO and THC emissions for the Japanese 10-15 mode were predicted, and all of them fully satisfied the emission targets.application/pdfjournal articl