Measurement of Branching Fractions for B → ππ, Kπ, and KK Decays

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水泳指導における催眠暗示の効果

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Once- <i>vs</i>. twice-daily subcutaneous treatment with regular insulin or insulin detemir.

<p>Both regular insulin and insulin detemir were subcutaneously injected either once-daily (0.3 U/injection) or twice-daily (0.15 U/injection) and compared to the basal, untreated control condition. <b>(A-D)</b> Theta activity <b>(A,B)</b> and locomotion <b>(C,D)</b> during the once- <b>(A,C)</b> or twice-daily <b>(B,D)</b> insulin injections. Data are 2-h average±SEM (for <b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) or 12-h average±SEM (for <b>C</b>,<b>D</b>). Significance between treatment groups as follows: *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.005, ***<i>P</i><0.001. <i>N</i> = 4-7/group. Arrow indicate injections.</p

Metabolic parameters of continuously applied regular insulin or insulin detemir by using micro-osmotic pumps.

<p><b>(A)</b> Plasma insulin levels following implantation of micro-osmotic pumps containing either regular insulin, insulin detemir or saline. <b>(B-D)</b> Blood glucose concentrations <b>(B)</b>, plasma glucagon levels <b>(C)</b> and body weight <b>(D)</b> of mice implanted with micro-osmotic pumps. Equipotent doses of regular insulin and insulin detemir were used; <i>n</i> = 5/group. *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.005, and ***<i>P</i><0.001 depict significance of both regular insulin and insulin detemir groups to the saline group. Significance between regular insulin and insulin detemir: ^#<i>P</i><0.05, ^##<i>P</i><0.005, and ^###<i>P</i><0.001. Data are mean±SEM.</p

Cortical and locomotor activity in mice continuously treated with either regular insulin or insulin detemir using micro-osmotic pumps.

<p>Cortical activity is indicated over time <b>(A,B)</b> or as 12-h average±SEM <b>(C,D)</b> for the theta <b>(A,C)</b> and beta <b>(B,D)</b> frequency bands. Representative data are shown for days 6 and 7 after pump implantation containing either regular insulin or insulin detemir. •<i>P</i><0.05, •••<i>P</i><0.001 indicate significance to saline. <b>(E,F)</b> Quantification of locomotion for days 6 and 7 during the day <b>(E)</b> and night <b>(F)</b> periods. Significance between treatment groups as follows: *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.005, ***<i>P</i><0.001. <i>N</i> = 5 for regular insulin and insulin detemir groups, <i>n</i> = 3 for saline group.</p

Cortical and locomotor activity following intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection.

<p>Mice were injected i.c.v. with a single bolus of either regular insulin or insulin detemir in low or high concentrations (please see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0162124#sec006" target="_blank">method</a> section for details). <b>(A-C)</b> Power spectral density (expressed as % of the saline experiment) of <b>(A)</b> theta, <b>(B)</b> alpha and <b>(C)</b> beta frequency bands for the 120-min post-injection period. <b>(D)</b> Quantification of locomotor activity (expressed as % of the saline experiment) for the 120-min post-injection period. Significance between regular insulin and insulin detemir: *<i>P</i><0.05, ***<i>P</i><0.001. ^#<i>P</i><0.05, ^###<i>P</i><0.001 depict significance between low and high concentrations within respective insulin group; <i>n</i> = 7-8/group. Data are mean±SEM.</p

Cortical activity of mice in the early period of continuous treatment with either regular insulin or insulin detemir by using micro-osmotic pumps.

<p>Cortical activity is indicated over time <b>(A,B,E,F)</b> or as 12-h average±SEM <b>(C,D,G,H)</b> for the theta <b>(A-D)</b> and beta <b>(E-H)</b> frequency bands. Equipotent glucose-lowering doses of regular insulin and insulin detemir (both 0.6 U/d) were used. Representative data (as percentage of saline) are shown for days 1 to 3 <b>(A,C,E,G)</b> and days 4 to 5 <b>(B,D,F,H)</b> after implantation of the pumps containing either regular insulin or insulin detemir. •<i>P</i><0.05, ••<i>P</i><0.005, •••<i>P</i><0.001 indicate significance to saline. Significance between treatment groups as follows: *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.005, ***<i>P</i><0.001. <i>N</i> = 5 for regular insulin and insulin detemir groups, <i>n</i> = 3 for saline group.</p

Blood glucose concentrations and body weight in young and aged mice during the 4-day insulin glargine treatment.

<p>Young (white symbols, <i>n</i> = 9–10) and aged (black symbols, <i>n</i> = 6) C57BL/6 mice were injected once daily (5 p.m.) with insulin glargine (circles) or vehicle (squares) for 4 consecutive days (arrow indicate s.c. injection time point). A,B: Blood glucose levels from tail bleeds (A) and body weight (B) at 5 p.m. Data are mean±SEM.</p

ECoG power spectral analysis in young (white) and aged (black) mice.

<p>Young (<i>n</i> = 9–10) and aged C57BL/6 mice (<i>n</i> = 6) were injected once daily (5 p.m.) with insulin glargine or vehicle for 4 consecutive days. A-F: ECoG power spectral analysis, calculated by fast fourier transformation (FFT) and expressed as % power change of control (vehicle application) during the 4-day lasting treatment period for the theta (4–8 Hz) (A,B), alpha (8–12 Hz) (C,D), and beta (12–30 Hz) (E,F) frequency bands. Data are indicated as time response during the insulin glargine treatment, denoted as 12-hour average±SEM (7 p.m. to 7 a.m. and 7 a.m. to 7 p.m.) (A,C,E) and as 2-day average±SEM (day 1–2, day 3–4) (B,D,F). Statistical significance to control injection is denoted as follows: ***<i>P</i><0.001. Significance between the values under the brackets are ^#<i>P</i><0.05, ^##<i>P</i><0.005.</p

Concentrations of glucose, insulin and albumin in human paired CSF/serum samples.

<p>A: Correlation of CSF glucose with plasma glucose concentrations in humans (<i>P</i><0.0001, <i>r</i> = 0.49). B: Correlation of CSF insulin with serum insulin concentrations in humans (<i>P</i><0.0001, <i>r</i> = 0.40). C: Increased CSF/serum ration for albumin as marker for the blood-CSF barrier in older people and strong positive correlation with age (<i>P</i><0.0001, <i>r</i> = 0.42). D: CSF/serum ratio for insulin in older people and negative correlation with age in humans (<i>P</i> = 0.04, <i>r</i> = -0.16).</p