Building a Logical Relation from a Conclusion : Part I: The hint from categorical syllogism and beyond

2016-03-31In a previous paper (Lai 2014), I have introduced a research writing pedagogy called the Logical Writing Process Cycle (LWPC). Under LWPC, the basis of writing a research paper is the development of the paper’s thesis statement – or research conclusion in some sense, by providing a convincing support for the statement. In order for LWPC to be satisfactory, there must be, among other things, clear and step-by-step instructions on how to build a convincing support for the thesis statement. The purpose of this paper is to provide the first of a three-part instruction series on how to do it. The paper will begin by introducing the core of the convincing support, which is a logical relation between the thesis statement and its premises. The hint of building a logical relation based on a conclusion can be found in the basic concepts of categorical syllogism (section 2). And a recipe on how to logically construct a categorical syllogism from a conclusion is formulated (section 3). However, the logical construction of categorical syllogism is rather arbitrary and limited in application (section 4). In order to learn a more natural and powerful way of building a convincing support for a thesis statement, the primary step is to learn how to identify and build a premise that bears a direct inferential relation to the thesis statement (section 5).先行研究において、著者はロジカル・ライティング・プロセス・サイクル（LWPC）と呼ばれるライティング教授法を紹介した。LWPCにおいて、研究論文の基礎は論文のティーシス・ステートメント（thesis statement）、すなわち、ある意味では研究の結論を構築することであり、同ステートメントに対する説得力のある裏付けを供与することである。LWPC が満足のゆくものとなるには、とりわけ、どのようにすればティーシス・ステートメントについて説得力ある裏付けを構築できるのかについて明確で段階的な指針が不可欠となる。本論の目的はその方法に関する3 部構成の指針シリーズの第1 部を供与することである。まず、説得力のある裏付けの核心部分を導入する。それはティーシス・ステートメントと前提との間の論理的な関係にある。結論に基づく論理的関係を構築するうえでのヒントは、定言的三段論法の基本的概念の中に見出すことができる（第2節）。さらに、結論から論理的に定言的三段論法を構築するための方法を系統的に説明する（第3節）。しかしながら、定言的三段論法を構築する作業はある程度恣意的であり、適用可能な範囲は限られている（第4節）。ティーシス・ステートメントについて説得力ある裏付けを構築するための、より自然で肯定的な方法を習得するうえで最も重要なステップはティーシス・ステートメントと直接的な推論関係を担う前提をどのようにして識別して構築していくかを理解することなのである（第5節）。departmental bulletin pape

薩摩・大隅二国における古代の郡境と条里

Articledepartmental bulletin pape

Observations of NH2D toward Dark Molecular Clouds

The 1a11-1s01 transition of NH2D at 110.1536 GHz was surveyed toward 16 cores of high ammonia abundance in 14 cold dark clouds and was detected toward eight cloud cores, L1448, B1, L1489N, L1551N, L1641N, L134N(S), ρ Oph E, and L63, where L134N and L63 are not associated with infrared sources. The column densities of NH2D were compared with those of the main species NH3, previously determined for the corresponding sources, and the relative abundance, [NH2D]/[NH3], was found to be large, 0.025-0.18, which is among the highest deuterium fractionation so far observed. The relative abundance is remarkably larger than a predicted value by the latest gas-phase chemical model for dark clouds by Howe & Millar. The spectral line of NH2D was not detected in other dark cloud cores. These results suggest that a part of NH3 in dark clouds could originate from dust related reactions associated with energetic events.othe

Proposal of Failure Criterion Applicable to Finite Element Analysis Results for Wall Thinned Pipes under Bending Load

In this paper, a failure criterion applicable to large strain finite element analysis results is proposed to predict the limit bending load of the wall-thinned straight pipes. The criterion, named as the “Domain Collapse Criterion", can handle cases for both collapse and cracking. The criterion evaluates the limit load corresponding to collapse as the load when the Mises stress exceeds the true yield strength of a material for whole "volume" with the nominal wall thickness of the straight pipe. On the other hand, the criterion evaluates the limit load corresponding to cracking as the load when the volume where Mises stress exceeds the true tensile strength penetrates the wall thickness. Results showed that the proposed criterion can estimate the experimental limit moment within approximately 20% difference, regardless of the flaw aspect ratio.othe