Crystal structure, electrical properties, and mechanical response of (100)-/(001)-oriented epitaxial Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O 3-PbTiO3 films grown on (100)cSrRuO 3∥(100)SrTiO3 substrates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition

Relaxor-type ferroelectric (1-x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O 3-xPbTiO3 (PMN-PT) films, 2-3 μm in thickness, with a PbTiO3 content (x) ranging from 0 to 1 were grown on (100) cSrRuO3∥(100)SrTiO3 substrates at 650°C by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The effects the x value had on the crystal structure, dielectric and ferroelectric properties, and mechanical response of these films were systematically investigated. Epitaxial growth having (100)/(001) orientation irrespective of x and the constituent phase change with x were ascertained from both x-ray diffraction reciprocal space mapping analysis and Raman spectroscopy. The constituent phase changed from a rhombohedral (pseudocubic) single phase, a mixture phase of rhombohedral (pseudocubic) and tetragonal phases, and a tetragonal single phase, with increasing x. The mixed phase region was found to exist at x=0.40-0.55, which was different from that reported for single crystals (x=0.31-0.35). The dependencies of relative dielectric constant and remanent polarization on x showed a similar trend in the case of a PMN-PT sintered body; however, the magnitudes of these values were relatively low. The effective longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient (d33,f) and the transverse coefficient (e31,f) of 100-120 pm/V and ∼-11.0 C/m2 were, respectively, calculated for a film with x=0.39, which corresponds to a larger x edge for the rhombohedral (pseudocubic) region following the engineered domain concept proposed for PMN-PT single crystals

New York Indian lands in Kansas

48-1Indian AffairsNew York Indian Lands in Kansas. [2255] Land title issues; lands allotted to Indians under the treaty of 1838; settlers on lands.1884-9

道路計画への住民意見の反映に関する予備的考察 ―都市計画基礎調査のあり方をめぐって―

この小論は，主に道路計画を対象とし，関係する（あるいは関心をもつ）住民の意見をいかにして計画へ反映させていけばよいのか，またそのために必要なことは何なのかについて，都市計画法第6条に基づく「都市計画基礎調査」（以下「基礎調査」）のあり方という観点から予備的に検討したものである。 　基礎調査では多岐にわたる項目について，他の各種統計的調査の結果を中心にマクロデータが収集される。そしてデータを組み合わせた分析によって当該地域の特性と将来的な予測値が析出され，計画の必要性や案が検討されるが，そこには都市住民の実態的な都市生活を把握する視点が欠けている。筆者は，基礎調査に都市的生活構造という観点を導入することにより，マクロデータでは読み取れない都市住民の（相互）行為や意識，他者との関係性を一定以上明らかにできると考える。それによって，計画・事業をめぐる行政と住民のコミュニケーションにおいて生じがちな前提の差異が解消され，住民の意見が計画へ実質的に反映される可能性も高まるのではないだろうか。departmental bulletin pape

イヌ慢性脳梗塞モデルを用いた順行性脳灌流における予防的エダラボン投与による脳保護効果

浜松医科大学学位論文　医博第480号(平成１９年３月１４日

Deceased Kickapoo Indians in Kansas

49-1Indian AffairsDeceased Kickapoo Indians in Kansas. [2436] Settlement of estates; land title issues; allotment of lands.1886-5

Standardisation of magnetic nanoparticles in liquid suspension

Suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles offer diverse opportunities for technology innovation, spanning a large number of industry sectors from imaging and actuation based applications in biomedicine and biotechnology, through large-scale environmental remediation uses such as water purification, to engineering-based applications such as position-controlled lubricants and soaps. Continuous advances in their manufacture have produced an ever-growing range of products, each with their own unique properties. At the same time, the characterisation of magnetic nanoparticles is often complex, and expert knowledge is needed to correctly interpret the measurement data. In many cases, the stringent requirements of the end-user technologies dictate that magnetic nanoparticle products should be clearly defined, well characterised, consistent and safe; or to put it another way—standardised. The aims of this document are to outline the concepts and terminology necessary for discussion of magnetic nanoparticles, to examine the current state-of-the-art in characterisation methods necessary for the most prominent applications of magnetic nanoparticle suspensions, to suggest a possible structure for the future development of standardisation within the field, and to identify areas and topics which deserve to be the focus of future work items. We discuss potential roadmaps for the future standardisation of this developing industry, and the likely challenges to be encountered along the way

Real options approach to renewable energy investments in Mongolia

Many developing nations are in transition from non-renewable to renewable energy in electricity generation. This research analyzes this type of changing investment environment for renewable energy projects such as wind farms and solar-thermal plants with the application of real options theory. The main intent is to explore the potential and to provide further insights for such a transition in developing economies through studying the case of Mongolia under coal price uncertainty. To evaluate the comparative attractiveness of either continuing to use non-renewable (coal-based) infrastructure or switching to renewable energy, we formulate social revenue functions for the two environments under the assumptions that coal-based operations generate negative externalities and renewable energy is externality-free. Framing the problem as a type of real options, we arrive at the optimal trigger prices of coal for switching technologies. With this analytical framework, we further pose some possible scenarios with respect to electricity price as well as negative externality valuation, and characterize when renewable energy investments become attractive. In sharp contrast to conventional wisdom in real options theory, we identify some situations where option values for switching technologies become negative in some price domains, and welfare losses are incurred. Overall, the result raises the possible risks in developing nations that waiting to switch energy sources yields huge losses under input price uncertainty. To avoid such a case in Mongolia, the government should remove coal subsidies and increase electricity prices or switch to renewable energy earlier rather than holding the option to wait, especially when people are willing to pay more for the removal of negative externalities.departmental bulletin pape