Acoustic Holography with a Phase Plate

A simple method of a fully faithful holographic reconstruction is proposed for the case, such as in acoustic holography, where the wavelength of the recording radiation is greater than that of the reconstruction radiation. The simple method involves reconstruction with the introduction of a suitably constructed phase plate in the reconstruction process and dose not require scaling down the hologram as in the usual case.othe

希薄原子気体のボース凝縮とその応用

希薄原子気体のボース・アインシュタイン凝縮体は、原子集団全体が一つの量子力 学的な波として振舞う全く新しい物質相で、その巨視的波動性に注目した原子波動光学や原子レーザー などの新しい工学技術の展開が期待されています。本研究ではこのような新奇な量子凝縮相を利用し て、量子縮退状態の基礎物理の解明や、原子位相を利用した超精密計測への応用などを目指しています。 これまでに、Rb 原子気体に対してmK 程度の温度にまでレーザー冷却を行い、この極低温原子気体の磁 気トラップに成功していましたが、今回、更にRF 蒸発冷却法を適用することにより、ボース凝縮体を 生成することができました。今後はこれを利用して、凝縮体を原子波の回路として機能させる試みや、 非線形量子効果に基づく新しい物理現象の開拓とその工学的応用を探求していきます。競争的配分経費(工学研究科)research repor

母子生活支援施設における母親規範の正当化プロセス : 入居者の交際をめぐって

journal articl

An evaluation of ocean color model estimates of marine primary productivity in coastal and pelagic regions across the globe

Nearly half of the earth's photosynthetically fixed carbon derives from the oceans. To determine global and region specific rates, we rely on models that estimate marine net primary productivity (NPP) thus it is essential that these models are evaluated to determine their accuracy. Here we assessed the skill of 21 ocean color models by comparing their estimates of depth-integrated NPP to 1156 in situ 14C measurements encompassing ten marine regions including the Sargasso Sea, pelagic North Atlantic, coastal Northeast Atlantic, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Arabian Sea, subtropical North Pacific, Ross Sea, West Antarctic Peninsula, and the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone. Average model skill, as determined by root-mean square difference calculations, was lowest in the Black and Mediterranean Seas, highest in the pelagic North Atlantic and the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone, and intermediate in the other six regions. The maximum fraction of model skill that may be attributable to uncertainties in both the input variables and in situ NPP measurements was nearly 72%. On average, the simplest depth/wavelength integrated models performed no worse than the more complex depth/wavelength resolved models. Ocean color models were not highly challenged in extreme conditions of surface chlorophyll-a and sea surface temperature, nor in high-nitrate low-chlorophyll waters. Water column depth was the primary influence on ocean color model performance such that average skill was significantly higher at depths greater than 250 m, suggesting that ocean color models are more challenged in Case-2 waters (coastal) than in Case-1 (pelagic) waters. Given that in situ chlorophyll-a data was used as input data, algorithm improvement is required to eliminate the poor performance of ocean color NPP models in Case-2 waters that are close to coastlines. Finally, ocean color chlorophyll-a algorithms are challenged by optically complex Case-2 waters, thus using satellite-derived chlorophyll-a to estimate NPP in coastal areas would likely further reduce the skill of ocean color models.journal articl

An evaluation of ocean color model estimates of marine primary productivity in coastal and pelagic regions across the globe

Abstract. Nearly half of the earth’s photosynthetically fixed carbon derives from the oceans. To determine global and region specific rates, we rely on models that estimate marine net primary productivity (NPP) thus it is essential that these models are evaluated to determine their accuracy. Here we assessed the skill of 21 ocean color models by comparing their estimates of depth-integrated NPP to 1156 in situ 14C measurements encompassing ten marine regions including the Sargasso Sea, pelagic North Atlantic, coastal Northeast Atlantic, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Arabian Sea, subtropical North Pacific, Ross Sea, West Antarctic Peninsula, and the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone. Average model skill, as determined by root-mean square difference calculations, was lowest in the Black and Mediterranean Seas, highest in the pelagic North Atlantic and the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone, and intermediate in the other six regions. The maximum fraction of model skill that may be attributable to uncertainties in both the input variables and in situ NPP measurements was nearly 72%. On average, the simplest depth/wavelength integrated models performed no worse than the more complex depth/wavelength resolved models. Ocean color models were not highly challenged in extreme conditions of surface chlorophyll-a and sea surface temperature, nor in high-nitrate low-chlorophyll waters. Water column depth was the primary influence on ocean color model performance such that average skill was significantly higher at depths greater than 250 m, suggesting that ocean color models are more challenged in Case-2 waters (coastal) than in Case-1 (pelagic) waters. Given that in situ chlorophyll-a data was used as input data, algorithm improvement is required to eliminate the poor performance of ocean color NPP models in Case-2 waters that are close to coastlines. Finally, ocean color chlorophyll-a algorithms are challenged by optically complex Case-2 waters, thus using satellite-derived chlorophyll-a to estimate NPP in coastal areas would likely further reduce the skill of ocean color models

「資本の法則」と「土地所有の法則」と

Articledepartmental bulletin pape

Route- and Tissue-Dependent Requirement for NF-κB

<div><p>C57Bl6 mice were infected with 1,000 PFU by the intraperitoneal route of inoculation with the indicated viruses.</p><p>(A) On 4 and 9 dpi, spleens were harvested, disrupted, and titered on NIH 3T12 cells. The data are compiled from two (IκBαM.MR and WT) or four (IκBαM.1) experiments with four or five mice per group. Asterisks denote that the acute splenic titers for IκBαM.1 differed significantly from IκBαM.MR on day 4 (<i>p</i> = 0.0036) and from IκBαM.MR (<i>p</i> < 0.0001) and WT (<i>p</i> < 0.0001) on day 9, as determined by the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test.</p><p>(B) Frequency of PECs harboring viral genomes.</p><p>(C) Frequency of unsorted, bulk splenocytes harboring viral genome.</p><p>(D) Frequency of PECs reactivating virus.</p><p>(E) Frequency of splenocytes reactivating virus. For both limiting-dilution assays, curve fit lines were derived from nonlinear regression analysis, and symbols represent the mean percentage of wells positive for virus (viral DNA or cytopathic effect) ±SEM. The data shown represent three to five independent experiments with cells pooled from five mice per experimental group.</p></div

Activated B Cells Are Decreased in the Lungs and Spleens of IκBαM-Infected Mice

<div><p>Cells were prepared from the lungs and spleens harvested from four uninfected naïve mice or from four or five mice that were infected 16 and 42 d prior to harvest with 1,000 PFU of WT γHV68 or IκBαM.1. Cells from individual mice were surface stained with anti-CD19 conjugated to allophycocyanin and anti-CD69 conjugated to FITC and analyzed by flow cytometry.</p><p>(A) Flow cytometric dotplots of stained cells from the lungs (upper panel) and spleens (lower panel). Values shown in the upper right quadrant of each dotplot are the percentages of CD19⁺ cells that express the CD69 activation marker in a representative experimental sample.</p><p>(B) Each point in the scatterplot represents the percentage of CD19⁺CD69^hi cells from the lung of a single mouse; the bar represents the mean percentage. The percentage of CD19⁺CD69^hi cells in the lungs of mice infected with IκBαM.1 was significantly different from that of mice infected with WT γHV68; <i>p</i> = 0.0007 at 16 dpi.</p><p>(C) Each point in the scatterplot represents the percentage of CD19⁺CD69^hi cells from the spleen of a single mouse; the bar represents the mean percentage. The percentage of CD19⁺CD69^hi cells in the spleens of mice infected with IκBαM.1 was significantly different from that of mice infected with WT γHV68; <i>p</i> < 0.0001 at 16 dpi and <i>p</i> = 0.0042 at 42 dpi.</p></div

γHV68-IκBαM Inhibits NF-κB Signaling in Fibroblasts

<div><p>(A) NIH 3T12 fibroblasts were infected with WT virus at an MOI of 1 or 10 for 6 h and then transfected with a NF-κB–responsive luciferase reporter construct and, where indicated, a plasmid expressing MEKK1. Data are shown as the mean fold activation of the NF-κB promoter over mock infected samples ±SD of triplicate wells.</p><p>(B) NIH 3T12 cells were infected with the indicated viruses at an MOI of 10 for 6 h and then transfected with the NF-κB luciferase reporter construct and a plasmid expressing MEKK1. At 24 h posttransfection, wells were harvested and luciferase activity was quantitated. Data are shown as the mean fold activation of the NF-κB promoter over mock infected, MEKK1-transfected samples ±SD of triplicate wells and are representative of multiple independent experiments. IκBαM.R1 and IκBαM.R2 were viruses recovered from reactivating splenocytes harvested from mice infected with either the IκBαM.1 or IκBαM.2 recombinant virus, respectively.</p><p>(C) Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis of NF-κB binding using nuclear extracts prepared from NIH 3T12 cells infected with the indicated viruses at an MOI of 3 for 48 h, as described in Materials and Methods. Also shown, as a positive control for NF-κB induction, is treatment of uninfected NIH 3T12 cells with 25 ng/ml TNFα for 1 h prior to harvest. Specific (arrow) and nonspecific (open circle) complexes are indicated.</p></div

Transgenic Expression of Bcl-2 in B Cells Does Not Rescue the Defect in Splenic Latency Establishment by γHV68-IκBαM after Intranasal Infection

<div><p>Bulk unsorted splenocytes or magnetic bead–enriched CD19⁺ splenocytes from infected C57BL/6-Tg(BCL2) were analyzed by limiting-dilution viral genome PCR (A, C, and D) and limiting-dilution ex vivo reactivation assays (B) as described in Materials and Methods.</p><p>(A) Frequency of unsorted, bulk splenocytes and CD19⁺ B cells from mice infected with 1,000 PFU of IκBαM.MR or IκBαM.1 harboring viral genomes at 16 dpi. Using a PE-conjugated antibody to the pan–B-cell marker CD19 (CD19-PE), splenic B cells were separated into B-cell (CD19⁺) and non–B-cell (CD19⁻) populations by magnetic activated cell sorting. Postsort FACS analysis indicated that the mean purities for CD19⁺ cells were 97.4 for WT, and 96.5 ± 1.5% for IκBαM.1. The frequency of splenocytes that harbored viral genome in mice infected with IκBαM was significantly different (<i>p</i> = 0.05) from that of mice infected with IκBαM.MR virus.</p><p>(B) Frequency of unsorted, bulk splenocytes and CD19⁺ B cells reactivating virus from mice infected with 1,000 PFU of IκBαM.MR or IκBαM.1 at 16 dpi. The frequency of splenocytes and CD19⁺ B cells that harbored viral genome in mice infected with IκBαM was significantly different from that of mice infected with IκBαM.MR in a <i>t-</i>test as follows: <i>p</i> = 0.0460 (unsorted splenocytes) and <i>p</i> = 0.0286 (CD19⁺).</p><p>(C) Frequency of unsorted, bulk splenocytes reactivating virus from mice infected with 1,000 PFU of IκBαM.MR or IκBαM.1 at 41 to 43 dpi. CD19⁺ B cells comprise greater than 67% of total splenocytes as determined by FACS analysis.</p><p>(D) Frequency of unsorted, bulk splenocytes reactivating virus from mice infected with 1,000 PFU of IκBαM.MR or IκBαM.1 at 235 dpi. FACS analysis indicated that the unsorted splenocytes were composed of 66.3 ± 2.0% (IκBαM.MR) and 60.3 ± 7.7% (IκBαM.1) CD19⁺ B cells. Symbols represent the mean percentage of wells positive for virus (viral DNA or cytopathic effect) ±SEM. The data shown represent two independent experiments with cells pooled from three to five mice per experimental group (16 and 41 to 43 dpi) or one experiment with four individual mice at 235 dpi.</p></div