怪物と戦う者にならないために : 書評 : David Livingstone Smith, 2021, Making Monsters: The Uncanny Power\nof Dehumanization. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

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Nondestructive Method for Measuring the Local Weight Density of Glass Wool Pipe

A nondestructive method for measuring local weight density has been developed which utilizes a hybrid sensor system, i.e., a contactor and an optical sensor. The accuracy of this system as defined by the correlation coefficient between light intensity and the local weight density is demonstrated to be above 90%.othe

An evaluation of ocean color model estimates of marine primary productivity in coastal and pelagic regions across the globe

Nearly half of the earth's photosynthetically fixed carbon derives from the oceans. To determine global and region specific rates, we rely on models that estimate marine net primary productivity (NPP) thus it is essential that these models are evaluated to determine their accuracy. Here we assessed the skill of 21 ocean color models by comparing their estimates of depth-integrated NPP to 1156 in situ 14C measurements encompassing ten marine regions including the Sargasso Sea, pelagic North Atlantic, coastal Northeast Atlantic, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Arabian Sea, subtropical North Pacific, Ross Sea, West Antarctic Peninsula, and the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone. Average model skill, as determined by root-mean square difference calculations, was lowest in the Black and Mediterranean Seas, highest in the pelagic North Atlantic and the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone, and intermediate in the other six regions. The maximum fraction of model skill that may be attributable to uncertainties in both the input variables and in situ NPP measurements was nearly 72%. On average, the simplest depth/wavelength integrated models performed no worse than the more complex depth/wavelength resolved models. Ocean color models were not highly challenged in extreme conditions of surface chlorophyll-a and sea surface temperature, nor in high-nitrate low-chlorophyll waters. Water column depth was the primary influence on ocean color model performance such that average skill was significantly higher at depths greater than 250 m, suggesting that ocean color models are more challenged in Case-2 waters (coastal) than in Case-1 (pelagic) waters. Given that in situ chlorophyll-a data was used as input data, algorithm improvement is required to eliminate the poor performance of ocean color NPP models in Case-2 waters that are close to coastlines. Finally, ocean color chlorophyll-a algorithms are challenged by optically complex Case-2 waters, thus using satellite-derived chlorophyll-a to estimate NPP in coastal areas would likely further reduce the skill of ocean color models.journal articl

An evaluation of ocean color model estimates of marine primary productivity in coastal and pelagic regions across the globe

Abstract. Nearly half of the earth’s photosynthetically fixed carbon derives from the oceans. To determine global and region specific rates, we rely on models that estimate marine net primary productivity (NPP) thus it is essential that these models are evaluated to determine their accuracy. Here we assessed the skill of 21 ocean color models by comparing their estimates of depth-integrated NPP to 1156 in situ 14C measurements encompassing ten marine regions including the Sargasso Sea, pelagic North Atlantic, coastal Northeast Atlantic, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Arabian Sea, subtropical North Pacific, Ross Sea, West Antarctic Peninsula, and the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone. Average model skill, as determined by root-mean square difference calculations, was lowest in the Black and Mediterranean Seas, highest in the pelagic North Atlantic and the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone, and intermediate in the other six regions. The maximum fraction of model skill that may be attributable to uncertainties in both the input variables and in situ NPP measurements was nearly 72%. On average, the simplest depth/wavelength integrated models performed no worse than the more complex depth/wavelength resolved models. Ocean color models were not highly challenged in extreme conditions of surface chlorophyll-a and sea surface temperature, nor in high-nitrate low-chlorophyll waters. Water column depth was the primary influence on ocean color model performance such that average skill was significantly higher at depths greater than 250 m, suggesting that ocean color models are more challenged in Case-2 waters (coastal) than in Case-1 (pelagic) waters. Given that in situ chlorophyll-a data was used as input data, algorithm improvement is required to eliminate the poor performance of ocean color NPP models in Case-2 waters that are close to coastlines. Finally, ocean color chlorophyll-a algorithms are challenged by optically complex Case-2 waters, thus using satellite-derived chlorophyll-a to estimate NPP in coastal areas would likely further reduce the skill of ocean color models

Stylized Drawing of Zebrafish Embryo Displaying mRNA Expression Patterns of <i>kita</i> and <i>kitb</i> Receptor Tyrosine Kinases and Their Candidate Ligands, <i>kitla</i> and <i>kitlb</i>

<p>Coincident expression is noted for <i>kita</i> (blue) and <i>kitla</i> (green) in the trunk, tail bud, ear, and pineal gland. <i>kitb</i> (red) and <i>kitlb</i> (yellow) do not appear coincident. <i>kitlb</i> does not appear to have a coincident receptor for its expression in brain ventricles or in cardinal vein plexus. <i>kitb</i> may be coincident with <i>kitla</i> expression in the trunk.</p

<i>kitla</i> Overexpression Causes Hyperpigmentation in Wild-type but Not in <i>kita^b5</i> Embryos

<div><p>(A) Wild-type larva.</p><p>(B) Larva injected with <i>kitla::JRed</i> fusion construct shows hyperpigmentation with melanocytes covering a larger area than wild-type.</p><p>(C) <i>kita</i> larva.</p><p>(D) <i>kitla::JRed</i> injected into <i>kit^b5</i> embryos results in <i>kit^b5</i> phenotype.</p><p>(E) <i>kitla::JRed</i> hyperpigmented larvae have more melanocytes on the dorsal stripe than do wild-type. When <i>kitla</i> expression vector is injected into <i>kita</i> embryos, there is no change in the number of melanocytes. All larvae at 6 dpf (<i>n</i> = 10).</p><p>Scale bars: 150 μm.</p></div

<i>kitla</i> Morphant Phenocopies <i>kita^b5</i> Migration

<div><p>(A) Wild-type embryonic pigment pattern at 2 dpf shows melanocytes migrating over the yolk (red arrowhead).</p><p>(B) <i>kita^b5</i> mutants show migration phenotype, with melanocytes remaining near ear (red arrow) and dorsum and absent on yolk and head (black arrowheads).</p><p>(C) Wild-type embryos injected with <i>kitla</i> MOs (6.1 ng) exhibit migratory phenotype similar to <i>kita^b5</i> with melanocytes present near the ear (red arrow) and absent at the head and yolk (black arrowheads).</p><p>(D) Wild-type embryos injected with <i>kitlb</i> MOs (6.0 ng) are indistinguishable from wild-type showing melanocytes present over the yolk (red arrowhead) by 2 dpf.</p><p>(E–G) RT-PCR of morphant embryos shows MO specificity: (E) <i>kitla</i> RT-PCR of wild-type, <i>kitla</i> MO, and <i>kitlb</i> MO at 3 dpf; (F) <i>kitlb</i> RT-PCR of wild-type, <i>kitla</i> MO, and <i>kitlb</i> MO at 3 dpf; and (G) <i>kitla</i> RT-PCR of <i>kitla</i> MO at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 dpf, revealing that aberrant splice product caused by the MO is dominant until 5 dpf, when wild-type message is visible.</p><p>(H) Regions in embryo that were used to define migrated and nonmigrated melanocytes for quantitative analysis of melanocyte migration. Red areas indicate nonmigrated melanocytes in the dorsal and lateral stripe above the hind yolk and behind the ear. Green areas define migrated melanocytes on the head, on the yolk, and in the ventral and yolk sac stripe of the hind yolk. Note that melanocytes that have migrated to positions between the dorsum and the horizontal myoseptum, a region with typically no melanocytes, would be scored as nonmigrated in the embryo, while any melanocyte that migrates past the horizontal myoseptum would be scored as migrated, whether its migration is appropriate or not.</p><p>(I) Quantitative analysis for melanocyte migration of negative control MOs (6.8 ng), <i>kita^b5,</i> and <i>kitla</i> MO (6.1 ng). <i>kitla</i> MO embryos display a similar loss of migration as <i>kita^b5</i>. Mean values with 95% confidence interval are reported, <i>n</i> = 10.</p><p>Scale bars: 150 μm.</p></div

Genomic Structure Alignment with Mouse <i>Kitl</i>

<p>Exons (boxes) are drawn to scale and are labeled according to their homology with mouse sequence. Pairwise similarity (percent identical residues plus conserved amino acid substitutions based on the Blossum40 matrix) of the zebrafish protein to the mouse protein is presented for each exon in parentheses. Full-length values for mouse to zebrafish <i>kitla:</i> 29% identical and 43% similar. Full-length values for mouse to zebrafish <i>kitlb:</i> 20% identical and 50% similar. Although quite diverged in sequence, the zebrafish paralogs display well-conserved intron site locations with themselves and with the mouse ortholog. The best alignment of <i>kitlb</i> reveals that it has lost exon 6, which is alternatively spliced in mouse and human. Exon 5 of <i>kitla</i> has expanded 3′ with a corresponding contraction of exon 6. <i>Kit</i> binding domain contains the residues that interact with <i>Kit</i> as determined from crystal structures of the two mouse proteins [<a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.0030017#pgen-0030017-b026" target="_blank">26</a>,<a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.0030017#pgen-0030017-b027" target="_blank">27</a>]. The locations of the major cleavage site in mouse exon 6 and the minor cleavage site in mouse exon 7 are indicated. We cannot identify either cleavage site by sequence conservation in either zebrafish gene (see also <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.0030017#pgen-0030017-sd001" target="_blank">Dataset S1</a>). MOs (red bars) were targeted to overlap the ATG start site for <i>kitlb</i> and the exon 3–intron 3 boundary of <i>kitla</i> and <i>kitlb.</i> The splice site MOs resulted in splicing of exon 2 to exon 4 (red lines), resulting in a shorter, in-frame, transcript (see <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.0030017#pgen-0030017-g004" target="_blank">Figure 4</a>E and <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.0030017#pgen-0030017-g004" target="_blank">4</a>F).</p

<i>kitla</i> MO Enhances Temperature-Sensitive <i>kit^j1e99</i> Allele

<div><p>(A) <i>kit^j1e99</i> embryos reared at 28 °C appear similar to wild-type melanocyte pattern (see <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.0030017#pgen-0030017-g004" target="_blank">Figure 4</a>A for wild-type) at 3 dpf.</p><p>(B) A submaximal dose (0.5 to 0.8 ng) of <i>kitla</i> MOs shows little effect in wild-type embryos.</p><p>(C) Submaximal dose of <i>kitla</i> MOs shows a significant migration phenotype in <i>kit^j1e99</i>.</p><p>(D and E) Quantitative analysis of <i>kit^j1e99</i>–<i>kitla</i> enhancement. Melanocytes were counted at 3 dpf and scored as migrated if in green regions or nonmigrated if in regions shown in red (<a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.0030017#pgen-0030017-g004" target="_blank">Figure 4</a>H). Mean values with 95% confidence interval are reported (<i>n</i> = 10).</p><p>(D) Using this metric, wild-type embryos average 94.4 (69% of total) migrating melanocytes. A submaximal dose of <i>kitla</i> MOs results in 16.4 fewer migrated melanocytes than wild-type. <i>kit^j1e99</i> embryos reared at 28 °C have 3.7 fewer migrated melanocytes. Neither the number of total melanocytes or of migrating melanocytes in <i>kit^j1e99</i> nor the submaximal dose of <i>kitla</i> MOs is significantly different compared with wild-type.</p><p>(E) Migration effect is defined as the difference in migrating melaocytes compared to wild-type. If the combined effects of  <i>kit^j1e99</i> and the submaximal dose of <i>kitla</i> MOs are additive, we expect a migration effect of −20.1 in the <i>kit^j1e99</i>–<i>kitla</i> MO larvae (−16.4 ± 3.7). Instead, we observe a migration effect of −40.7. The χ² test between the number of migrated melanocytes in the <i>kit^j1e99</i>–<i>kitla</i> MO larvae and the expected number reveals this difference to be significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.0002) greater than additive.</p><p>Scale bars: 150 μm.</p></div

<i>kitla</i> and <i>kitlb</i> Whole Mount In Situ Hybridizations

<div><p>(A–F) <i>kitla</i> mRNA expression during stages of migration.</p><p>(A) <i>kitla</i> expression is first seen at 19 hpf in the presomitic mesoderm of the tail bud (black arrowhead).</p><p>(B) Section of 19-hpf tail bud.</p><p>(C) High magnification shows expression of <i>kitla</i> mRNA in the pineal gland at 26 hpf.</p><p>(D) High magnification shows <i>kitla</i> mRNA in the ear at 26 hpf in the sensory epithelium, with pronounced staining in the ventral otic vesicle (black arrowhead).</p><p>(E) <i>kitla</i> mRNA is expressed in groups of cells at the horizontal myoseptum in the middle of each somite (black arrowheads) in the trunk beginning at 22 hpf through 30 hpf (image is 26 hpf). We also observe <i>kitla-</i>positive cells in more dorsal locations in the posterior somites (red arrowheads).</p><p>(F) Cross section of trunk shows expression near notochord at 26 hpf.</p><p>(G and H) <i>kitlb</i> mRNA expression during stages of migration. <i>kitlb</i> is expressed in the ventricles of the brain (black arrowheads), in the ear (red arrow), and in the cardinal vein plexus (red arrowhead) at 24 hpf (G). Cross section of brain ventricle shows <i>kitlb</i> expressed in cells lining the brain ventricles (H).</p><p>(I and J) <i>kitla</i> and <i>kitlb</i> mRNA expression at 4 dpf, during stage of <i>kita</i>-dependent survival. <i>kitla</i> mRNA is expressed throughout the skin (black arrowhead) and in the dorsal myotome (red arrowhead) (I). <i>kitlb</i> mRNA is expressed faintly in the skin (black arrowhead) (J).</p><p>Scale bars: (A) 100 μm, (B) 25 μm, (C) 100 μm, (D) 50 μm, (E) 100 μm, (F) 25 μm, (G) 100 μm, (H) 10 μm, (I) 25 μm, and (J) 25 μm.</p><p>nt, neural tube; nc, notochord; pm, presomitic mesoderm</p></div