Studies on CO2 Laser Marking

The nature of CO2 laser marking was studied with a view to putting these lasers to practical use in the semiconductor industry. The marking is found to be due to surface spattering rather than burning, which is the main factor in YAG laser marking. The visibility greatly increases by the application of a surface treatment such as marker ink, varnish or poster color. The CO2 laser may therefore be used in place of the YAG laser, now widely used for marking, with some merits: CO2 laser marking is cheaper and faster, and in addition there is not danger of injury from irradiating laser light.othe

An evaluation of ocean color model estimates of marine primary productivity in coastal and pelagic regions across the globe

Nearly half of the earth's photosynthetically fixed carbon derives from the oceans. To determine global and region specific rates, we rely on models that estimate marine net primary productivity (NPP) thus it is essential that these models are evaluated to determine their accuracy. Here we assessed the skill of 21 ocean color models by comparing their estimates of depth-integrated NPP to 1156 in situ 14C measurements encompassing ten marine regions including the Sargasso Sea, pelagic North Atlantic, coastal Northeast Atlantic, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Arabian Sea, subtropical North Pacific, Ross Sea, West Antarctic Peninsula, and the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone. Average model skill, as determined by root-mean square difference calculations, was lowest in the Black and Mediterranean Seas, highest in the pelagic North Atlantic and the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone, and intermediate in the other six regions. The maximum fraction of model skill that may be attributable to uncertainties in both the input variables and in situ NPP measurements was nearly 72%. On average, the simplest depth/wavelength integrated models performed no worse than the more complex depth/wavelength resolved models. Ocean color models were not highly challenged in extreme conditions of surface chlorophyll-a and sea surface temperature, nor in high-nitrate low-chlorophyll waters. Water column depth was the primary influence on ocean color model performance such that average skill was significantly higher at depths greater than 250 m, suggesting that ocean color models are more challenged in Case-2 waters (coastal) than in Case-1 (pelagic) waters. Given that in situ chlorophyll-a data was used as input data, algorithm improvement is required to eliminate the poor performance of ocean color NPP models in Case-2 waters that are close to coastlines. Finally, ocean color chlorophyll-a algorithms are challenged by optically complex Case-2 waters, thus using satellite-derived chlorophyll-a to estimate NPP in coastal areas would likely further reduce the skill of ocean color models.journal articl

An evaluation of ocean color model estimates of marine primary productivity in coastal and pelagic regions across the globe

Abstract. Nearly half of the earth’s photosynthetically fixed carbon derives from the oceans. To determine global and region specific rates, we rely on models that estimate marine net primary productivity (NPP) thus it is essential that these models are evaluated to determine their accuracy. Here we assessed the skill of 21 ocean color models by comparing their estimates of depth-integrated NPP to 1156 in situ 14C measurements encompassing ten marine regions including the Sargasso Sea, pelagic North Atlantic, coastal Northeast Atlantic, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Arabian Sea, subtropical North Pacific, Ross Sea, West Antarctic Peninsula, and the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone. Average model skill, as determined by root-mean square difference calculations, was lowest in the Black and Mediterranean Seas, highest in the pelagic North Atlantic and the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone, and intermediate in the other six regions. The maximum fraction of model skill that may be attributable to uncertainties in both the input variables and in situ NPP measurements was nearly 72%. On average, the simplest depth/wavelength integrated models performed no worse than the more complex depth/wavelength resolved models. Ocean color models were not highly challenged in extreme conditions of surface chlorophyll-a and sea surface temperature, nor in high-nitrate low-chlorophyll waters. Water column depth was the primary influence on ocean color model performance such that average skill was significantly higher at depths greater than 250 m, suggesting that ocean color models are more challenged in Case-2 waters (coastal) than in Case-1 (pelagic) waters. Given that in situ chlorophyll-a data was used as input data, algorithm improvement is required to eliminate the poor performance of ocean color NPP models in Case-2 waters that are close to coastlines. Finally, ocean color chlorophyll-a algorithms are challenged by optically complex Case-2 waters, thus using satellite-derived chlorophyll-a to estimate NPP in coastal areas would likely further reduce the skill of ocean color models

サービス労働価値生産説の論拠

application/pdfArticledepartmental bulletin pape

flexilis

Pinus flexilis E. Jameslimber pine;Rocky Mountain white pinepin flexible;pin blanc de l'Ouestflexilis15 miles north of Big Timber on Johnson ranchPoa secunda, Koelaria, Carex filifolia rangelandPoa secunda, Koelaria, Carex filifoliascattered on banks and hill

Characteristics of the study population at baseline (n = 26).

<p><b>Legend:</b> Baseline demographics and characteristics of study population that completed the study: MDRD eGFR: Abbreviated four variable Modified Diet of Renal Disease estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate⁴⁸. Mean automated sitting clinic blood pressure taken thrice using appropriate size cuff was measured. Hypertension was defined as clinic blood pressure of ≥140/80 mmHg or on antihypertensives medications. Diabetes Mellitus was defined by WHO guidelines 2006 for definition of diabetes. Hyperlipidemia was defined as Total cholesterol >5 mmol/L and/or LDL>2.5 and or HDL<1.55 or on lipid lowering therapy (National cholesterol Education Program ATP III guidelines 2001). ACEi- Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, AT II RA- Angiotensin II receptor antagonist.</p

Measure of endothelial function before and after Vitamin D Therapy.

<p>Legend: The endothelial function as measured by brachial artery flow mediated dilatation improves from 3.1±3.3% to 6.1±3.7%. Error bars show 95% CI, p<0.001.</p

Number of patients recruited into the study and completed the follow-up.

<p>Legend: Flow Diagram of the patient pathway recruited into the effects of oral vitamin D on endothelial function intervention study. Thirty five patients were recruited into the study after excluding twenty one patients. Twenty six patients completed the study.</p

Analysis of baseline and follow up parameters after Cholecalciferol therapy.

<p><b>Legend:</b> MDRD eGFR: Abbreviated four variable Modified Diet of Renal Disease estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (REF). Mean automated, sitting, clinic, blood pressure taken thrice using appropriate size cuff was recorded.</p><p>* denotes p<0.05.</p>†<p>Distribution non-parametric variable represented as median±IQR, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test used to analyse the difference in distribution of baseline and follow up values.</p><p>ACE I- Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, AT II RA- Angiotensin II receptor antagonist. NC: No Change.</p

Clinical and cost-effectiveness of oral sodium bicarbonate therapy for older patients with chronic kidney disease and low-grade acidosis (BiCARB): a pragmatic randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease with metabolic acidosis is common in older people, but the effectiveness of oral sodium bicarbonate therapy in this group is unclear. We tested whether oral sodium bicarbonate provides net health benefit for older people with advanced chronic kidney disease and serum bicarbonate concentrations < 22 mmol/L. METHODS: Pragmatic multicentre, parallel group, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial. We recruited adults aged ≥ 60 years with estimated glomerular filtration rate of < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2, not receiving dialysis, with serum bicarbonate concentration < 22 mmol/L, from 27 nephrology and geriatric medicine departments in the UK. Participants received oral sodium bicarbonate (up to 3 g/day) or matching placebo given for up to 2 years, randomised in a 1:1 ratio. The primary outcome was between-group difference in the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) at 12 months, adjusted for baseline values, analysed by intention to treat. Secondary outcomes included generic and disease-specific quality of life (EQ-5D and KDQoL tools), anthropometry, renal function, walk distance, blood pressure, bone and vascular health markers, and incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year gained. RESULTS: We randomised 300 participants between May 2013 and February 2017, mean age 74 years, 86 (29%) female. At 12 months, 116/152 (76%) participants allocated to bicarbonate and 104/148 (70%) allocated to placebo were assessed; primary outcome data were available for 187 participants. We found no significant treatment effect for the SPPB: bicarbonate arm 8.3 (SD 2.5) points, placebo arm 8.8 (SD 2.2) and adjusted treatment effect - 0.4 (95% CI - 0.9 to 0.1, p = 0.15). We found no significant treatment effect for glomerular filtration rate (0.6 mL/min/1.73 m2, 95% CI - 0.8 to 2.0, p = 0.39). The bicarbonate arm showed higher costs and lower quality of life as measured by the EQ-5D-3L tool over 1 year (£564 [95% CI £88 to £1154]); placebo dominated bicarbonate under all sensitivity analyses. Adverse events were more frequent in those randomised to bicarbonate (457 versus 400). CONCLUSIONS: Oral sodium bicarbonate did not improve physical function or renal function, increased adverse events and is unlikely to be cost-effective for use by the UK NHS for this patient group