わが国を代表する私立大学理工化学系学部学科の変遷（二） : 早稲田大学 カリキュラムを中心にして

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Statistical error estimation of the Feynman-α method using the bootstrap method

Applicability of the bootstrap method is investigated to estimate the statistical error of the Feynman-α method, which is one of the subcritical measurement techniques on the basis of reactor noise analysis. In the Feynman-α method, the statistical error can be simply estimated from multiple measurements of reactor noise, however it requires additional measurement time to repeat the multiple times of measurements. Using a resampling technique called “bootstrap method,” standard deviation and confidence interval of measurement results obtained by the Feynman-α method can be estimated as the statistical error, using only a single measurement of reactor noise. In order to validate our proposed technique, we carried out a passive measurement of reactor noise without any external source, i.e. with only inherent neutron source by spontaneous fission and (α,n) reactions in nuclear fuels at the Kyoto University Criticality Assembly. Through the actual measurement, it is confirmed that the bootstrap method is applicable to approximately estimate the statistical error of measurement results obtained by the Feynman-α method.Published online: 23 Dec 2015journal articl

高機能・環境に配慮した繊維材料およびその加工法に関する研究

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手形の裏書 : 信用制度と法理論(一)

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Image_1_A Calcium Mediated Mechanism Coordinating Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Adhesion During KCl Activation.TIF

Efficient mechanotransduction in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is intimately coupled to physical coupling of the cell to extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) by integrins. Integrin adhesion receptors are essential for normal vascular function and defective integrin signaling is associated with cardiovascular disease. However, less is known about the mechanism of integrin activation in VSMCs in relation to vasoregulation. Our laboratory previously demonstrated that the vasoconstrictor Angiotensin II increases VSMC stiffness in concert with enhanced adhesion to fibronectin (FN), indicating an important role for adhesion in contraction. However, the mechanism of this coordination remains to be clarified. In this study, intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) was hypothesized to link integrin activation through inside-out signaling pathways leading to enhanced adhesion in response to AII. By using atomic force microscopy (AFM) with an anti-α5 antibody coated AFM probe, we confirmed that cell stiffness was increased by AII, while we observed no change in adhesion to an α5 integrin antibody. This indicated that increases in cell adhesion to FN induced by AII were occurring through an integrin activation process, as increased membrane integrin expression/receptor density would have been accompanied by increased adhesion to the anti-α5 antibody. Further studies were performed using either KCl or BAPTA-AM to modulate the level of [Ca2+]i. After KCl, VSMCs showed a rapid transient increase in cell stiffness as well as cell adhesion to FN, and these two events were synchronized with superimposed transient increases in the level of [Ca2+]i, which was measured using the Ca2+ indicator, fluo-4. These relationships were unaffected in VSMCs pretreated with the myosin light chain kinase inhibitor, ML-7. In contrast, unstimulated VSMCs incubated with an intracellular calcium chelator, BAPTA-AM, showed reduced cell adhesion to FN as well the expected decrease in [Ca2+]i. These data suggest that in VSMCs, integrin activation is linked to signaling events tied to levels of [Ca2+]i while being less dependent on events at the level of contractile protein activation. These findings provide additional evidence to support a role for adhesion in VSMC contraction and suggest that following cell contractile activation, that adhesion may be regulated in tandem with the contractile event.</p

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Visualization 1 is a collection of photos in our experiment when we rotated the NPC sample. It’s an animation that shows the dynamic process to assist the understanding of the readers. It starts with the perpendicular incidence of the FW, and rotated along in a clockwise direction with respect to the z-axis. Each frame has their corresponding rotation angle labeled. The largest rotation angle in it is 33°. The animation includes all phenomena shown in Figure 5-7 with the experimental data in Table 1 and Table 2

Results from the 12 CDSs collinear with the L-strand and ND6 collinear with the H-strand, with results from individual paired-sample t-tests between P_UUA and P_AUA.

<p>Results from the 12 CDSs collinear with the L-strand and ND6 collinear with the H-strand, with results from individual paired-sample t-tests between P_UUA and P_AUA.</p

Dichloroacetonitrile and Dichloroacetamide Can Form Independently during Chlorination and Chloramination of Drinking Waters, Model Organic Matters, and Wastewater Effluents

The increasing usage of organic nitrogen-rich wastewater- or algal-impacted waters, and chloramines for secondary disinfection, raises concerns regarding the formation of haloacetonitriles, haloacetamides and other nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs). Previous research obtained contradictory results regarding the relative importance of chlorination or chloramination for promoting these byproducts, but applied chlorine and chloramines at different doses and exposure periods. Additionally, mechanistic work, mostly using model precursors, suggested that haloacetonitrile and haloacetamide formation should be correlated because hydrolysis of haloacetonitriles forms haloacetamides. In this work, the formation of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm) were compared across a range of chlorine and chloramine exposures for drinking waters, wastewater effluents, algal extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), NOM isolates and model precursors. While chlorination favored formation of DCAN over DCAcAm, chloramination nearly always formed more DCAcAm than DCAN, suggesting the existence of haloacetamide formation pathways that are independent of the hydrolysis of haloacetonitriles. Experiments with asparagine as a model precursor also suggested DCAcAm formation without a DCAN intermediate. Application of ¹⁵N-labeled monochloramine indicated initial rapid formation of both DCAN and DCAcAm by pathways where the nitrogen originated from organic nitrogen precursors. However, slower formation occurred by pathways involving chloramine incorporation into organic precursors. While wastewater effluents and algal EPS tended to be more potent precursors for DCAN during chlorination, humic materials were more potent precursors for DCAcAm during chlorination and for both DCAN and DCAcAm during chloramination. These results suggest that, rather than considering haloacetamides as haloacetonitrile hydrolysis products, they should be treated as a separate N-DBP class associated with chloramination. While use of impaired waters may promote DCAN formation during chlorination, use of chloramines may promote haloacetamide formation for a wider array of waters

Figure 1

<p>Genomic reduction of AUA codons is associated with a reduction in methionine usage. P_AUA is defined in equation (1) and arcscine-transformed; N_Met – Number of methionine codons.</p

Patterns of behavior among node and link players under the co-evolution mechanism play a role in facilitating cooperation.

(a) shows the behavior pattern of the node players adopting a cooperation strategy. (b)shows the behavior pattern of node players adopting the defection strategy. Node players with cooperation strategy, node players with defection strategy, and link players transform into each other as shown in (c).</p