Non-geometric Backgrounds Based on Topological Interfaces

We study simple models of the world-sheet CFTs describing non-geometric backgrounds based on the topological interfaces, the `gluing condition' of which imposes T-duality- or analogous twists. To be more specific, we start with the torus partition function on a target space S^1 [base] x (S^1 x S^1) [fiber] with rather general values of radii. The fiber CFT is defined by inserting the twist operators consisting of the topological interfaces which lie along the cycles of the world-sheet torus according to the winding numbers of the base circle. We construct the partition functions involving such duality twists. The modular invariance is achieved straightforwardly, whereas `unitarization' is generically necessary to maintain the unitarity. We demonstrate it in the case of the equal fiber radii. The resultant models are closely related to the CFTs with the discrete torsion. The unitarization is also physically interpreted as multiple insertions of the twist/interface operators along various directions.Comment: 32 pages, no figures; (v2) comments and explanations adde

Non-geometric backgrounds based on topological interfaces

We study simple models of the world-sheet CFTs describing non-geometric backgrounds based on the topological interfaces, the `gluing condition' of which imposes T-duality- or analogous twists. To be more specific, we start with the torus partition function on a target space S1[base] × (S1 × S1)[fiber] with rather general values of radii. The fiber CFT is defined by inserting the twist operators consisting of the topological interfaces which lie along the cycles of the world-sheet torus according to the winding numbers of the base circle. We construct the partition functions involving such duality twists. The modular invariance is achieved straightforwardly, whereas `unitarization' is generically necessary to maintain the unitarity. We demonstrate it in the case of the equal fiber radii. The resultant models are closely related to the CFTs with the discrete torsion. The unitarization is also physically interpreted as multiple insertions of the twist/interface operators along various directions.othe

A Study on Estimation of Potential for Commercial Development in the Central District of the Local City

Recently, the deteriorated phenomenon of the commercial function is progressing in the central district of the local city. Then in this study, the potential of the commercial development in the future is estimated. The procedure of this study is the following. Firstly, the commercial condi tion in this study area is investigated. Secondly, some models to estimate the commercial potential are made up using a sum of sale and an area of commercial floor as the objective variables and the numbers of offices and employees as the explanatory variables. In result, twelve models are obtained for Multiple Rergression Analysis and tested. Finally, using these models, Effective Analysis by new development is practiced. Consequently, it is expected that the new development brings increase of the commercial potential.departmental bulletin pape

サービス貿易としての国際観光に関する理論研究 : 展望

2017-03-25This paper reviews the theoretical studies on international tourism by discussing the several findings, which are derived in the literature, in a unified model. Inbound tourism is defined as foreign visitors' consumption of goods and services produced in the home country. This means that via tourism, the home country exports the nontraded services, the price of which is endogenously determined, and can have a market power in trade even though the country is small in the international market of traded goods. Because of this tourism terms-of-trade effect, the home country can benefit from foreign visitors' tourism boom. The tourism terms-of-trade effect may also affect the conventional results that free trade is optimal for a small country and, in the presence of environmental pollution, the optimal environmental policy is to impose the standard Pigouvian tax that equals the marginal environmental damage. In the basic model, the tourists' demand is assumed to be exogenous, but recent studies consider the endogenous choice of tourism destinations, and this paper briefly reviews the findings of these studies. In the concluding section, this paper presents several directions for future research.departmental bulletin pape

A Streamlined System for Species Diagnosis in <i>Caenorhabditis</i> (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) with Name Designations for 15 Distinct Biological Species

<div><p>The rapid pace of species discovery outstrips the rate of species description in many taxa. This problem is especially acute for <i>Caenorhabditis</i> nematodes, where the naming of distinct species would greatly improve their visibility and usage for biological research, given the thousands of scientists studying <i>Caenorhabditis</i>. Species description and naming has been hampered in <i>Caenorhabditi</i>s, in part due to the presence of morphologically cryptic species despite complete biological reproductive isolation and often enormous molecular divergence. With the aim of expediting species designations, here we propose and apply a revised framework for species diagnosis and description in this group. Our solution prioritizes reproductive isolation over traditional morphological characters as the key feature in delineating and diagnosing new species, reflecting both practical considerations and conceptual justifications. DNA sequence divergence criteria help prioritize crosses for establishing patterns of reproductive isolation among the many species of <i>Caenorhabditis</i> known to science, such as with the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer-2 (ITS2) DNA barcode. By adopting this approach, we provide new species name designations for 15 distinct biological species, thus increasing the number of named <i>Caenorhabditis</i> species in laboratory culture by nearly 3-fold. We anticipate that the improved accessibility of these species to the research community will expand the opportunities for study and accelerate our understanding of diverse biological phenomena.</p></div

Other named species of <i>Caenorhabditis</i> in laboratory culture.

<p>Other named species of <i>Caenorhabditis</i> in laboratory culture.</p

A protocol for <i>Caenorhabditis</i> species diagnosis, storage and information.

<p><i>Caenorhabditis</i> nematodes are commonly sampled from microbe-rich habitats, such as rotting fruits <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094723#pone.0094723-Kiontke1" target="_blank">[1]</a>, and cultured after isolation on standard agar plates <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094723#pone.0094723-Barrire1" target="_blank">[55]</a>. Selection of nematodes belonging to the <i>Caenorhabditis</i> genus occurs through sequence analysis using nematode-specific primers amplifying 18S and/or through morphological criteria <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094723#pone.0094723-Barrire1" target="_blank">[55]</a>. The species diagnosis is centered on the mating tests with known species. Due to the large number of present <i>Caenorhabditis</i> species, crosses can be best prioritized using the ITS2 barcode, and possibly phenotypic characters. A positive mating test will designate the new strain as a known species (blue). Else reproductive isolation with the closest species by ITS2 barcode, including possible isolation in reciprocal F1 crosses and backcrosses, indicates that the strain represents a new species. A suspected new species may then analyzed in more detail (gray) through multi-locus phylogenetic analysis <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094723#pone.0094723-Kiontke1" target="_blank">[1]</a>. If a novel species status can be confirmed, naming can follow immediately, and frozen live specimens as well as any relevant species information (DNA sequences, sampling details, etc.) are deposited at public repositories. The pink path summarizes the key aspects for establishing a new <i>Caenorhabditis</i> species identity based on genetic crosses with known species, prioritized from the DNA barcode results <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094723#pone.0094723-Kiontke1" target="_blank">[1]</a>.</p

New species name designations for <i>Caenorhabditis</i>.

<p>6: found near Porto; 7: found in West Africa; 9: in honor of Victor Marc Nigon, pioneer in the use of <i>C. elegans</i> in biology, co-describer of <i>C. briggsae</i>; 10: in honor of Ellsworth Dougherty, pioneer in the use of <i>Caenorhabditis</i> in biology, co-describer of <i>C. briggsae</i>; 11: tropical distribution; 12: in honor of Patrick Châtelet who collected the sample at the CNRS Nouragues station, the small castle over which he reigns; 13: with a remarkable male tail; 14: imperial; 15: from Hawaii, in Hawaiian language; 16: in honor of Alfred Wallace and Indonesian biogeography; 17: found in the Natural Reserve of the Nouragues, French Guiana; 18: exhibits very large male sperm <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094723#pone.0094723-Kiontke1" target="_blank">[1]</a>; 19: found in El Yunque; 20: found in Guadeloupe; 23: previously hidden.</p

Figure 2

<p>Phylogenetic topology of named species of <i>Caenorhabditis</i> in laboratory culture. Androdioecious species with hermaphrodites are indicated in red; gonochoristic species with females are indicated in blue. The <i>Elegans</i> group and <i>Drosophilae</i> supergroup are highlighted with gray background. Distant outgroup <i>Pristionchus pacificus</i> is indicated in gray text. Cladogram is redrawn from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094723#pone.0094723-Kiontke1" target="_blank">[1]</a>, where ‘o’ indicates branches with low support.</p

(Accompanies Fig 7C–7F).

Statistical testing for relationships between egg shape (width:length), egg length, egg width, or egg volume and hatching in ced-3(n718) mutants after starvation treatment. Data were dummy coded and fitted to binomial models as shown below with logistic transformation using the glm function in R. For data representation, see Fig 7C–7F. (DOCX)</p