“The Effect between the Safety and Job Performance of Employees at the Children’s Hospital in Taif”

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the Essential Safety Requirements (ESR) of  Taif Children’s Hospital on the productivity and job performance of its healthcare employees.  A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from a total of 350 employees  representing 50% of physicians, nurses, pharmacists, lab technicians, administrative employees,  and infection control coordinators of the Taif Children’s Hospital. Demographic information  such as age, gender, and employment status was collected in the first section of the questionnaire.  The second section assessed the participant’s knowledge of the hospital’s ESR and the last  section assessed the impact of these safety practices on employees’ job performance. Data was  analyzed using the Chi Square Test, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (Tukey Post Hoc  Multiple comparisons and Anova). The results of the study indicated that there was a correlation  between hospital safety and the performance of employees. The adherence of a hospital to ESR  largely affects their job performance. Having standards and policies assure employees of their  safety while at work thus increasing their morale which in return improves their performance

In vitro

In this study, in vitro and in vivo effects of some commonly used fungicides, antibiotics, and various chemicals on isolated and purified catalase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium were investigated. The catalase was purified 129.10-fold by using 60% ammonium sulfate and 60% ethanol precipitations, DEAE-cellulose anion exchange and Sephacryl-S-200 gel filtration chromatographies from P. chrysosporium growth in carbon- and nitrogen-limited medium for 12 days. The molecular weight of native purified catalase from P. chrysosporium was found to be 290 +/- 10 kDa, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-PAGE results indicated that enzyme consisted of four apparently identical subunits, with a molecular weight of 72.5 +/- 2.5 kDa. Kinetic characterization studies showed that optimum pH and temperature, K-m and V-max values of the purified catalase which were stable in basic region and at comparatively high temperatures were 7.5, 30 degrees C, 289.86 mM, and 250,000 U/mg, respectively. The activity of purified catalase from P. chrysosporium was significantly inhibited by dithiothreitol (DTT), 2-mercaptoethanol, iodoacetamide, EDTA, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). It was found that while antibiotics had no inhibitory effects, 45 ppm benomyl, 144 ppm captan, and 47.5 ppm chlorothalonil caused 14.52, 10.82, and 38.86% inhibition of purified catalase, respectively. The inhibition types of these three fungicides were found to be non-competitive inhibition with the K-i values of 1.158, 0.638, and 0.145 mM and IC50 values of 0.573, 0.158, 0.010 mM, respectively. The results of in vivo experiments also showed that benomyl, captan and chlorothalonil caused 15.25, 1.96, and 36.70% activity decreases after 24-h treatments compared to that of the control

Carbonic anhydrases, EPF2 and a novel protease mediate CO2 control of stomatal development

Environmental stimuli, including elevated carbon dioxide levels, regulate stomatal development(1–3); however, the key mechanisms mediating the perception and relay of the CO(2) signal to the stomatal development machinery remain elusive. To adapt CO(2) intake to water loss, plants regulate the development of stomatal gas exchange pores in the aerial epidermis. A diverse range of plant species show a decrease in stomatal density in response to the continuing rise in atmospheric CO(2) (ref. 4). To date, one mutant that exhibits deregulation of this CO(2)-controlled stomatal development response, hic (which is defective in cell-wall wax biosynthesis, ref. 5), has been identified. Here we show that recently isolated Arabidopsis thaliana β-carbonic anhydrase double mutants (ca1 ca4)(6) exhibit aninversion in their response to elevated CO(2), showing increased stomatal development at elevated CO(2) levels. We characterized the mechanisms mediating this response and identified an extracellular signalling pathway involved in the regulation of CO(2)-controlled stomatal development by carbonic anhydrases. RNA-seq analyses of transcripts show that the extracellular pro-peptide-encoding gene EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR 2 (EPF2)(7,8), but not EPF1 (ref. 9), is induced in wild-type leaves but not inca1 ca4 mutant leaves at elevated CO(2) levels. Moreover, EPF2 is essential for CO(2) control of stomatal development. Using cell-wall proteomic analyses and CO(2)-dependent transcriptomic analyses, we identified a novel CO(2)-induced extracellular protease, CRSP (CO(2) RESPONSE SECRETED PROTEASE), as a mediator of CO(2)-controlled stomatal development. Our results identify mechanisms and genes that function in the repression of stomatal development in leaves during atmospheric CO(2) elevation, including the carbonic-anhydrase-encoding genes CA1 and CA4 and the secreted protease CRSP, which cleaves the pro-peptide EPF2, in turn repressing stomatal development. Elucidation of these mechanisms advances the understanding of how plants perceive and relay the elevated CO(2) signal and provides a framework to guide future research into how environmental challenges can modulate gas exchange in plants

Molecular Framework of a Regulatory Circuit Initiating Two-Dimensional Spatial Patterning of Stomatal Lineage

Stomata, valves on the plant epidermis, are critical for plant growth and survival, and the presence of stomata impacts the global water and carbon cycle. Although transcription factors and cell-cell signaling components regulating stomatal development have been identified, it remains unclear as to how their regulatory interactions are translated into two-dimensional patterns of stomatal initial cells. Using molecular genetics, imaging, and mathematical simulation, we report a regulatory circuit that initiates the stomatal cell-lineage. The circuit includes a positive feedback loop constituting self-activation of SCREAMs that requires SPEECHLESS. This transcription factor module directly binds to the promoters and activates a secreted signal, EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR2, and the receptor modifier TOO MANY MOUTHS, while the receptor ERECTA lies outside of this module. This in turn inhibits SPCH, and hence SCRMs, thus constituting a negative feedback loop. Our mathematical model accurately predicts all known stomatal phenotypes with the inclusion of two additional components to the circuit: an EPF2-independent negative-feedback loop and a signal that lies outside of the SPCH•SCRM module. Our work reveals the intricate molecular framework governing self-organizing two-dimensional patterning in the plant epidermis