Tourisme durable : les français sont-ils partants ?

International audienceIt is now well known that mass tourism can have negative impacts on the environment as well as on host populations. In response to this fact, sustainable tourism has emerged and developed. But we know very little regarding the French people attitude towards this concept. In order to improve this knowledge, the paper aims at better understanding the different degrees of agreement of French people, which types of sustainable tourism are the easiest to implement as well as who are sustainable tourists. In order to do so, a survey has been conducted on 545 respondents. It allows to identify and to characterize 5 categories of people.Des constats des méfaits du tourisme de masse sur l'environnement et les populations d'accueil est née l'idée d'un tourisme plus conforme aux principes du développement durable. Cependant, l'information manque concernant l'attitude des français face à ces pratiques. Cet article a pour objectif d'étudier les attitudes des consommateurs français vis-à-vis du tourisme durable et plus précisément, de mieux connaître leur degré d'adhésion, de savoir quelles sont les formes les plus faciles à mettre en œuvre et d'identifier les touristes enclins à pratiquer cette forme de tourisme. Une enquête sur 545 répondants permet de définir 5 classes d'individus et de les caractériser

Pour une consommation touristique plus durable : quel chemin reste-t-il à parcourir ?

Cette étude se donne pour objectif de mesurer le chemin qu'il reste à parcourir pour convertir les consommateurs à des pratiques touristiques plus durables. Pour cela, une collecte de données qualitatives a été menée auprès de 568 répondants. Chacun d'entre eux devait indiquer ce qui avait été durable versus non durable au cours de ses dernières vacances, ainsi que les freins et motivations qu'il percevait vis-à-vis du tourisme durable. Les principaux leviers qui découlent de l'étude sont l'éducation et la sensibilisation des voyageurs, le développement d'une offre durable grand public et la mise en avant de l'image d'authenticité et d'originalité de ces voyages.tourisme durable, touriste durable, perceptions du consommateur, freins, motivations

Les Français et le tourisme durable : proposition d'une typologie

Cet article présente une typologie des consommateurs français en matière de tourisme durable. Les analyses, menées sur un échantillon de 545 individus montrent l'existence de 5 profils de touristes, dont deux sont qualifiés de durables et 3 de non durables. La description des profils obtenus montre que les individus sensibles au tourisme durable sont aussi des individus qui pratiquent une consommation socialement responsable.tourisme durable, typologie, consommation socialement responsable

Tourisme durable: quelles représentations en ont les consommateurs français?

Cet article traite des perceptions et des attitudes des consommateurs Français vis-à-vis du tourisme durable. Une étude qualitative conduite sur un échantillon de 630 répondants cherche à savoir à quoi le tourisme durable est associé, quels sont les freins et les motivations vis-à-vis de cette pratique. Les résultats montrent que les répondants ont une assez bonne connaissance de ce qu'est le tourisme durable et ce malgré quelques représentations erronées. Les analyses concluent sur l'idée que le tourisme durable représente une réelle opportunité pour le tourisme de demain.tourisme durable; étude qualitative; chartes de tourisme durable; représentations du tourisme durable

The Effects of Retrograde Reactions and of Diffusion on 40Ar-39Ar Ages of Micas

The effects of metamorphic reactions occurring during decompression were explored to understand their influence on the 40Ar-39Ar ages of micas. Monometamorphic metasediments from the Lepontine Alps (Switzerland) reached lower amphibolite facies during the Barrovian metamorphism related to the collision between European and African (Adria) continental plates. Mineral assemblages typically composed of garnet, plagioclase, biotite, muscovite and paragonite (or margarite) were screened for petrological equilibrium, to focus on samples that record a minimum degree of retrogression. X-ray diffraction data indicate that some mineral separates prepared for 40Ar-39Ar stepwise heating analysis are monomineralic, whereas others are composed of two white micas (muscovite with paragonite or margarite), or biotite and chlorite. In monomineralic samples 37Ar/39Ar and 38Ar/39Ar (proportional to Ca/K and Cl/K ratios) did not change and the resulting ages can be interpreted unambiguously. In mineral separates containing two white micas, Ca/K and Cl/K ratios were variable, reflecting non-simultaneous laboratory degassing of the two heterochemical Ar reservoirs. These ratios were used to identify each Ar reservoir and to unravel the age. In a chlorite-margarite-biotite calcschist equilibrated near 560°C and 0·65 GPa, biotite, margarite, and muscovite all yield ages around 18 Ma. At slightly higher grade (560-580°C, 0·8-0·9 GPa), the assemblage muscovite-paragonite-plagioclase is in equilibrium and remains stable during retrogression. In this case, muscovite and paragonite yield indistinguishable ages around 16·5 Ma. Above 590°C, paragonite was mostly consumed to form plagioclase >590°C, whereby the relict mica yields an age up to 5·6 Ma younger than muscovite. This partial or total resetting of the Ar clock in paragonite is interpreted to reflect plagioclase growth during decompression. Where biotite is present within this same assemblage, it systematically yields a younger age than muscovite, by 0·5-2 Ma. However, these biotites all show small amounts of retrograde chlorite formation. We conclude that even very minor chloritization of biotite is apparently a more effective process than temperature in resetting the Ar clock, as is the formation of plagioclase from paragonite decomposition. Multi-equilibrium thermobarometry is an excellent means to ensure that equilibrium in investigated samples is preserved, and this helps to obtain geologically meaningful metamorphic ages. However, even samples passing such equilibrium tests may still show retrograde effects that affect the Ar retention of micas. A more robust interpretation of such 40Ar-39Ar results may require use of a second geochronometer, such as U-Pb on monazit

Exploring the major difficulties perceived by residents in training: a pilot study.

To assess residents' difficulties during the first year of residency. In contrast to previous studies that mainly used structured questionnaires, a qualitative procedure was applied. Twenty-four consecutive first-year residents in internal medicine were asked to "Please identify two to three major difficulties or concerns related to your practice of medicine within this hospital". The answers were submitted to content analysis performed by three independent researchers. Inter-rater agreement was high (kappa coefficient = 0.92). Disagreements were solved by consensus. Physicians' characteristics: female 37%, mean age 28 +/- 2.2 years, mean duration of postgraduate training 2.5 +/- 1.3 years. Total number of answers: 122, average answers/resident 5.1 +/- 1.3. Nine categories were extracted from content analysis: communication problems at the workplace, feelings of not being respected, constraints of collaborative work, experiencing the gap between medical school and clinical care, work overload, responsibility towards and emotional investment in patients, worries about career plans, and lack of theoretical knowledge. Residents expressed major difficulties in communicating with and being respected by seniors and peers in particular, and hospital staff in general. They also voiced problems in coping with emotions, either their own or those of their patients. The residents' responses stressed the complexity of blending the requirements of the physician's role when instrumental/cognitive knowledge is not sufficient to deal with problems requiring personal and relational dimensions. Learning to combine medical knowledge and practice necessitates helping students/residents identify and deal with the constraints of these requirements

The World's Highest-Grade Cobalt Mineralization at Bou Azzer Associated With Gondwana Supercontinent Breakup, Serpentinite and Kellwasser Hydrocarbon Source Rocks

Cobalt arsenide deposits associated with Neoproterozoic serpentinite in Morocco represent the highest-grade cobalt resource worldwide. Yet, genetic models for their origin remain controversial. We report here mineralogical and geochemical evidence for arsenide-calcite mineralization at Bou Azzer to constrain the temporal framework and identify the geodynamic trigger for mineralization mechanisms. To this end, radiometric ages for ore minerals are paramount for understanding the origin of the Bou Azzer cobalt arsenide deposit. New safflorite (CoAs2) rhenium-osmium (Re-Os) ages are Late Devonian in age: 380.4 ± 2.9 and 373.4 ± 1.2 to 368.1 ± 5.0 million years ago (Ma) for coarse-grained and fine-grained safflorite, respectively. These dates overlap with the timing of break-up of the supercontinent Gondwana, and the building of an arch-and-basin geometry from northern Africa to Arabia. Our findings temporally and spatially contextualize previous knowledge of fluid chemistry and mineralization mechanisms involving a two-fluid mixing. Arsenide mineralization resulted from mixing of a methane-dominated fluid with highly saline basinal brines that leached Os (187Os/188Osinitial = 0.120 ± 0.001), and by corollary cobalt, from Neoproterozoic serpentinite. Carbon and sulfur stable isotope data of ore-stage calcite and arsenides, respectively, show that hydrocarbons acted as the main reductant for mineralization. We speculate that the seawater-derived brines sank into the sedimentary basins adjacent to a carbonate platform with the Bou Azzer serpentinite in its basement in the Late Devonian. In the context of an enhanced geothermal gradient, such brines would have been involved in warm hydrothermal alteration of hydrocarbon source rocks of the local expression of the Kellwasser event in the geological record of present-day Morocco. This warm hydrothermal alteration of hydrocarbon source rocks may have taken place for coarse-grained safflorite mineralization (380.4 ± 2.9 Ma) shortly after ca. 382–381 Ma Lower Kellwasser horizons were deposited, or, for fine-grained safflorite mineralization (373.4 ± 1.2 to 368.1 ± 5.0 Ma) while the Upper Kellwasser horizons of present-day Morocco were being deposited

Association between weight perception and socioeconomic status among adults in the Seychelles

BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined the association between weight perception and socioeconomic status (SES) in sub-Saharan Africa, and none made this association based on education, occupation and income simultaneously. METHODS: Based on a population-based survey (n = 1255) in the Seychelles, weight and height were measured and self-perception of one's own body weight, education, occupation, and income were assessed by a questionnaire. Individuals were considered to have appropriate weight perception when their self-perceived weight matched their actual body weight. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 35% and 28%, respectively. Multivariate analysis among overweight/obese persons showed that appropriate weight perception was directly associated with actual weight, education, occupation and income, and that it was more frequent among women than among men. In a model using all three SES indicators together, only education (OR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.3-4.8) and occupation (OR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.2-4.5) were independently associated with appropriate perception of being overweight. The OR reached 6.9 [95% CI: 3.4-14.1] when comparing the highest vs. lowest categories of SES based on a score including all SES indicators and 6.1 [95% CI: 3.0-12.1] for a score based on education and occupation. CONCLUSIONS: Appropriately perceiving one's weight as too high was associated with different SES indicators, female sex and being actually overweight. These findings suggest means and targets for clinical and population-based interventions for weight control. Further studies should examine whether these differences in weight perception underlie differences in cognitive skills, healthy weight norms, or body size ideals

Understanding why adult participants at the World Senior Games choose a healthy diet

BACKGROUND: Identifying those seniors most likely to adopt a healthy diet, the relative importance they place on certain perceived benefits associated with a healthy diet, and whether these perceived benefits are associated with selected demographic, lifestyle, and health history variables is important for directing effective dietary health promotion programs. METHODS: Analyses are based on a cross-sectional convenience sample of 670 seniors aged 50 years and older at the 2002 World Senior Games in St. George, Utah. Data are assessed using frequencies, bivariate analysis, analysis of variance, and multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Fruit and vegetable consumption was significantly higher in individuals aged 70–79, in women, in those not overweight or obese, and in those with excellent overall health. Dietary fiber consumption was significantly higher in former or never smokers, current and previous alcohol drinkers, in those not overweight or obese, and in those with excellent health. The strongest motivating factors identified for adopting a healthy diet were to improve the quality of life, to increase longevity, and to prevent disease. Of intermediate importance were the need to feel a sense of control and to satisfy likes or dislikes. Least important were the desire to experience a higher level of spirituality, social reasons, and peer acceptance. CONCLUSION: Seniors who have adopted a healthy diet are more likely to have chosen that behavior because of perceived health benefits than for personal and social benefits. Overweight or obese individuals and those in poor health were less likely to be engaged in healthy eating behavior and require special attention by dieticians and public health professionals