On irreducibility of eccentricity matrix of graphs and construction of ϵ−\epsilon-equienergetic graphs

The eccentricity matrix $\epsilon(G)$, of a connected graph $G$ is obtained by retaining the maximum distance from each row and column of the distance matrix of $G$ and the other entries are assigned with 0. In this paper, we discuss the eccentricity spectrum of subdivision vertex (edge) join of regular graphs. Also, we obtain new families of graphs having irreducible or reducible eccentricity matrix. Furthermore, we use these results to construct infinitely many $\epsilon-$cospectral graph pairs as well as infinitely many pairs and triplets of $\epsilon-$cospectral $\epsilon-$equienergetic graphs. Moreover, we present some new family of $\epsilon-$integral graphs

Insect diversity on rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) – A tropical fruit tree of East Asia

Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) is a tropical fruit from the Sapindaceae family and an emerging popular fruit tree in India and other Southeast Asian countries. Insect pest infestation in rambutan has not been systematically documented earlier. As the area of rambutan planting is increasing, a systematic documentation of arthropod diversity associated with rambutan is necessary. This study identified and documented 32 insect pest species on rambutan trees across Kerala, India. Sucking pests were predominant in rambutan followed by leaf and inflorescence caterpillars and beetles. The fluctuation of insect infestation on rambutan with respect to abiotic factors was studied for one year from November 2022 to November 2023. Pest infestations were highest from March 2023 to May 2023 during the flowering and fruit-setting stages. The pest incidence in rambutan showed a positive correlation with temperature and a negative correlation with rainfall and relative humidity. A study was conducted during the flowering season of rambutan to document pollinators. Ten pollinator species were observed on rambutan, with the stingless bee Tetragonula travancorica (Shanas and Faseeh) being the most frequent and abundant flower visitor. Understanding insect diversity can help farmers more effectively anticipate and manage sporadic pest outbreaks

Cryotolerance of in vitro matured and vitrified bovine oocytes supplemented with L-carnitine and niacin

The study was designed to compare the cryotolerance of in vitro matured bovine oocytes, supplemented with L- carnitine and niacin in maturation media, vitrified using cryoloop technique. Bovine ovaries were collected from the slaughterhouse and cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were retrieved by follicular aspiration. Culture quality COCs were selected and randomly allocated to three different experimental groups. Group I oocytes (control), were subjected to in vitro maturation (IVM) in basic maturation media, while Group II and III oocytes (experimental groups) were matured in media supplemented with L- carnitine (0.6 mg/mL) and niacin (400 μM/mL), respectively. The mean per cent of cumulus cell expansion was 80.92 ±0.02, 79.18 ± 0.03 and 87.95 ±0.02 for Group I, II and III, respectively. A significantly high (p < 0.05) cumulus cell expansion could be observed in niacin treated group than L- carnitine, whereas a difference close to being statistically significant (p = 0.057) was noticed between niacin treated and control groups. The matured oocytes were subjected to cryoloopvitrification using dimethylsulfoxide (15%), ethylene glycol (15%) and sucrose (0.05M) as cryoprotectants. The mean survival rate observed in the study was 67.26 ± 0.05, 76.34 ± 0.05 and 79.68 ± 0.03 per cent for Group I, II and III, respectively. Shrinkage of cytoplasm was the most common type of cryodamage observed in all the three groups followed by cracked zona pellucida, abnormal shape and increased peri vitelline space. The survived oocytes were subjected to in vitro fertilisation with no significant difference between the groups in fertilisation rate. The present study revealed the beneficiary effect of supplementing niacin over L- carnitine in maturation media as it improved the maturation and survival rates of bovine oocytes

Ternary 3D reduced graphene oxide/Ni_0.5Zn_0.5Fe₂O₄/polyindole nanocomposite for supercapacitor electrode application

A facile two-step strategy has been reported for the preparation of a ternary 3D reduced graphene oxide/Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/polyindole nanocomposite (GNP) and this composite is applied as an electrode material for supercapacitor applications.</jats:p

Polyindole and polypyrrole as a sustainable platform for environmental remediation and sensor applications

This review focuses on the synthesis and improvement of two types of N-containing conducting polymers – polypyrrole and polyindole – as well as an in-depth analysis of their binary and ternary nanocomposites in the treatment of contaminants, sensing, and green chemistry.</jats:p

Polyindole-Derived Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots-Based Electrochemical Sensor for Dopamine Detection

The sensitive monitoring of dopamine levels in the human body is of utmost importance since its abnormal levels can cause a variety of medical and behavioral problems. In this regard, we report the synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) from polyindole (PIN) via a facile single-step hydrothermal synthetic strategy that can act as an efficient electrochemical catalyst for the detection of dopamine (DA). The average diameter of N-GQDs was &sim;5.2 nm and showed a C/N atomic ratio of &sim;2.75%. These N-GQDs exhibit a cyan fluorescence color under irradiation from a 365 nm lamp, while PIN has no characteristic PL. The presence of richly N-doped graphitic lattices in the N-GQDs possibly accounts for the improved catalytic activity of N-GQDs/GCE towards electrocatalytic DA detection. Under optimum conditions, this novel N-GQDs-modified electrode exhibits superior selectivity and sensitivity. Moreover, it could detect as low as 0.15 nM of DA with a linear range of 0.001&ndash;1000 &micro;M. In addition, the outstanding sensing attributes of the detector were extended to the real samples as well. Overall, our findings evidence that N-GQDs-based DA electrochemical sensors can be synthesized from PIN precursor and could act as promising EC sensors in medical diagnostic applications

Swot up of antimicrobial protein produced bacteria from ruminant mammal milk and its ramification on Pseudomonas sp, Staphylococcus sp. and Salmonella sp.

Bacteriocin are proteins which are produced by bacteria of one strain but it is toxic to the other strain of related species. Bacteriocin of LAB (Lactic Acid Bacteria) is exceptional vitality for the dairy industry and is successfully looked for their application in milk products, taking into account their hostile impacts against sustenance borne pathogens. This study demonstrates the isolation of bacteriocin producing from the goat raw milk sample and it is described by physiological and the biochemical tests. Three sequesters of bacteriocin creating LAB were isolated from goat milk. The culture supernatants of the three segregates were surveyed for their antimicrobial activity against food destroying organisms, for example Pseudomonas sp, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi. The distances across of the inhibitory zone keep running between 9-12 mm. This bacteriocin may have potential use as bio preservatives and may help in enhancing the gut environment by battling a few pathogenic microorganisms