Effect of Recovery Modality on Rate of Force Development, Vertical Jump, and Lactate Clearance

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Interferencia del Herpesvirus equino 1 (EHV-1) en la apoptosis inducida

La apoptosis es un tipo de muerte celular programada que puede ser desencadenada por múltiples factores, tanto internos como externos; dentro de estos últimos se encuentran las infecciones virales. Algunos alphaherpesvirus han desarrollado diversas estrategias para retardar o inhibir la muerte celular obteniendo, de esta manera, su propio beneficio al poder permanecer durante más tiempo en la célula. Hasta el momento no se ha identificado ningún mecanismo relacionado con la modulación de la muerte celular durante la infección con Herpesvirus equino tipo 1 (EHV-1). El objetivo del presente trabajo fue describir el efecto producido por la infección con EHV-1 sobre cultivos celulares inducidos a la muerte por apoptosis. La evaluación de la apoptosis se realizó mediante el reconocimiento de la fragmentación en escalera del ADN, la evaluación de la relación Anexina V/ioduro de propidio (IP) y la determinación del clivaje de la citoqueratina 18, utilizando técnicas de inmunofluorescencia. Los resultados indican una posible interferencia del EHV-1 con la muerte por apoptosis hacia la mitad de su ciclo de replicación, que se incrementa hacia el final del mismo.Apoptosis is a programmed cell death that can be triggered by many factors, both internal and external. Viral infections are included among the latter. Some alphaherpesvirus have developed several strategies to retard or inhibit cell death and thus the virus benefits itself by staying longer in the cell. So far, no mechanisms have been identified related to modulation of cell death during infection with equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1). The aim of the present study was to describe the effect produced by the infection with EHV-1 on apoptosis-induced cell cultures. Assessment of apoptosis was performed by DNA laddering, the Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) determination and the cytokeratin 18 cleavage analysis using immunofluorescence techniques. Results indicate a possible interference of EHV-1 with apoptotic cell death in the middle of its replication cycle, being increased by its end

Growth and yield of mixed versus pure stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L. ) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) analysed along a productivity gradient through Europe

Mixing of complementary tree species may increase stand productivity, mitigate the effects of drought and other risks, and pave the way to forest production systems which may be more resource-use efficient and stable in the face of climate change. However, systematic empirical studies on mixing effects are still missing for many commercially important and widespread species combinations. Here we studied the growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in mixed versus pure stands on 32 triplets located along a productivity gradient through Europe, reaching from Sweden to Bulgaria and from Spain to the Ukraine. Stand inventory and taking increment cores on the mainly 60-80 year-old trees and 0.02-1.55 ha sized, fully stocked plots provided insight how species mixing modifies the structure, dynamics and productivity compared with neighbouring pure stands. In mixture standing volume (+12 %), stand density (+20 %), basal area growth (+12 %), and stand volume growth (+8 %) were higher than the weighted mean of the neighbouring pure stands. Scots pine and European beech contributed rather equally to the overyielding and overdensity. In mixed stands mean diameter (+20 %) and height (+6 %) of Scots pine was ahead, while both diameter and height growth of European beech were behind (−8 %). The overyielding and overdensity were independent of the site index, the stand growth and yield, and climatic variables despite the wide variation in precipitation (520-1175 mm year−1), mean annual temperature (6-10.5 °C), and the drought index by de Martonne (28-61 mm °C−1) on the sites. Therefore, this species combination is potentially useful for increasing productivity across a wide range of site and climatic conditions. Given the significant overyielding of stand basal area growth but the absence of any relationship with site index and climatic variables, we hypothesize that the overyielding and overdensity results from several different types of interactions (light-, water-, and nutrient-related) that are all important in different circumstances. We discuss the relevance of the results for ecological theory and for the ongoing silvicultural transition from pure to mixed stands and their adaptation to climate change.The networking in this study has been sup-ported by COST Action FP1206 EuMIXFOR. All contributors thanktheir national funding institutions to establish, measure, and analysedata from the triplets. The first author also thanks the BayerischenStaatsforsten (BaySF) for supporting the establishment of the plots,the Bavarian State Ministry for Nutrition, Agriculture, and Forestryfor permanent support of the project W 07 ‘‘Long-term experimentalplots for forest growth and yield research’’ (# 7831-22209-2013) andthe German Science Foundation for providing the funds for the pro-jects PR 292/12-1 ‘‘Tree and stand-level growth reactions on droughtin mixed versus pure forests of Norway spruce and European beech’’.Thanks are also due to Ulrich Kern for the graphical artwork, and totwo anonymous reviewers for their constructive criticism

Nota corta. Patógenos telúricos aislados de planta de judía (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) con síntomas de mal de pie en Galicia

Pathogens belonging to the disease complex responsible for bean collar and root rots in northwest Spain were identified and their pathogenic behaviour studied over a two year period (2004-2005). The potential fungal and oomycete pathogens Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli (Burkh.) W.C. Snyder and Hansen, Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, Pythium ultimum Trow, Pythium Group G, Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc., F. culmorum W. G. Sm. (Sacc.), Botrytis cinerea Pers., Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary and Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. were isolated from 419 bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants affected by collar or root rot. Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli was the most frequently isolated (found on 63.7% of the farms surveyed and isolated from 19.3% of the diseased plants), followed by R. solani and the Pythium species. Inoculating Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Música and Zondra with 14 isolates of these fungi and oomycetes showed F. solani f. sp. phaseoli to be the most aggressive pathogen of the complex; F. avenaceum and F. culmorum were found not to be pathogenic for either cultivar. The results confirm that F. solani and R. solani are the main pathogens of the bean collar/root rot disease complex in northwest Spain, affecting crops in their early growth stages. The complex also includes P. ultimum and Pythium Group G.Durante los años 2004 y 2005 se llevó a cabo en Galicia la identificación de los patógenos que formaban parte del complejo parasitario responsable del mal de pie en el cultivo de la judía, así como la evaluación de su poder patógeno. Los hongos y oomicetos patógenos potenciales aislados sobre un total de 419 plantas de judía (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) con síntomas de mal de pie, muestreados durante dicho período en Galicia, fueron los siguientes: Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli (Burkh.)W.C. Snyder y Hansen, Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, Pythium ultimum Trow, Pythium Grupo G, Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc., F. culmorum W. G. Sm. (Sacc.), Botrytis cinerea Pers., Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary y Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. El patógeno más frecuentemente aislado fue F. solani f. sp. phaseoli, detectado en el 63,7% de las explotaciones muestreadas, así como en el 19,3% de las plantas analizadas, seguido de R. solani y de Pythium spp. Las pruebas de inoculación de 14 aislamientos de estos hongos y oomicetos sobre las variedades de judía Música y Zondra indicaron que F. solani f. sp phaseoli posee el mayor poder patógeno, mientras que F. avenaceum y F. culmorum no resultaron ser patogénicos sobre ninguna de las dos variedades inoculadas. Los resultados de este trabajo confirman que F. solani y R. solani son los principales patógenos responsables del mal de pie de la judía en Galicia, complejo parasitario que incluye también a P. ultimum y P. Grupo G en los primeros estadíos del cultivo

Integrated treatment of first episode psychosis with online training (e-learning): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

BackgroundThe integrated treatment of first episode psychosis has been shown to improve functionality and negative symptoms in previous studies. In this paper, we describe a study of integrated treatment (individual psychoeducation complementary to pharmacotherapy) versus treatment as usual, comparing results at baseline with those at 6-month re-assessment (at the end of the study) for these patients, and online training of professionals to provide this complementary treatment, with the following objectives: 1) to compare the efficacy of individual psychoeducation as add-on treatment versus treatment as usual in improving psychotic and mood symptoms; 2) to compare adherence to medication, functioning, insight, social response, quality of life, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, between both groups; and 3) to analyse the efficacy of online training of psychotherapists.Methods/designThis is a single-blind randomised clinical trial including patients with first episode psychosis from hospitals across Spain, randomly assigned to either a control group with pharmacotherapy and regular sessions with their psychiatrist (treatment as usual) or an intervention group with integrated care including treatment as usual plus a psychoeducational intervention (14 sessions). Training for professionals involved at each participating centre was provided by the coordinating centre (University Hospital of Álava) through video conferences. Patients are evaluated with an extensive battery of tests assessing clinical and sociodemographic characteristics (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorders, Strauss and Carpenter Prognostic Scale, Global Assessment of Functioning Scale, Morisky Green Adherence Scale, Functioning Assessment Short Test, World Health Organization Quality of Life instrument WHOQOL-BREF (an abbreviated version of the WHOQOL-100), and EuroQoL questionnaire), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels are measured in peripheral blood at baseline and at 6 months. The statistical analysis, including bivariate analysis, linear and logistic regression models, will be performed using SPSS.DiscussionThis is an innovative study that includes the assessment of an integrated intervention for patients with first episode psychosis provided by professionals who are trained online, potentially making it possible to offer the intervention to more patients.Trial registrationNCT01783457 clinical trials.gov. Date of registration in primary registry 23 January 2013

A silviculture-oriented spatio-temporal model for germination in Pinus pinea L. in the Spanish Northern Plateau based on a direct seeding experiment

Natural regeneration in Pinus pinea stands commonly fails throughout the Spanish Northern Plateau under current intensive regeneration treatments. As a result, extensive direct seeding is commonly conducted to guarantee regeneration occurrence. In a period of rationalization of the resources devoted to forest management, this kind of techniques may become unaffordable. Given that the climatic and stand factors driving germination remain unknown, tools are required to understand the process and temper the use of direct seeding. In this study, the spatio-temporal pattern of germination of P. pinea was modelled with those purposes. The resulting findings will allow us to (1) determine the main ecological variables involved in germination in the species and (2) infer adequate silvicultural alternatives. The modelling approach focuses on covariates which are readily available to forest managers. A two-step nonlinear mixed model was fitted to predict germination occurrence and abundance in P. pinea under varying climatic, environmental and stand conditions, based on a germination data set covering a 5-year period. The results obtained reveal that the process is primarily driven by climate variables. Favourable conditions for germination commonly occur in fall although the optimum window is often narrow and may not occur at all in some years. At spatial level, it would appear that germination is facilitated by high stand densities, suggesting that current felling intensity should be reduced. In accordance with other studies on P. pinea dispersal, it seems that denser stands during the regeneration period will reduce the present dependence on direct seeding

Venous thromboembolism in heart transplant recipients: Incidence, recurrence and predisposing factors

[Abstract] Background. A high frequency of venous thromboembolism (VTE) has been observed after lung, kidney, and liver transplantation. However, data about the incidence of this complication among heart transplant (HT) recipients are lacking. Methods. We analyzed the incidence, recurrence, and predisposing factors of VTE in a single-center cohort of 635 patients who underwent HT from April 1991 to April 2013. Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) were considered as VTE episodes. Results. During a median post-transplant follow-up of 8.4 years, 62 VTE episodes occurred in 54 patients (8.5%). Incidence rates of VTE, DVT, and PE were, respectively, 12.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.7–16.3), 8.4 (95% CI, 6.0–11.4), and 7.0 (95% CI 4.8–9.7) episodes per 1,000 patient-years. Incidence rates of VTE during the first post-transplant year and beyond were, respectively, 45.1 (95% CI, 28.9–67.1) and 8.7 (95% CI 6.2–11.2) episodes per 1,000 patient-years. The incidence rate of VTE recurrence after a first VTE episode was 30.5 (95% CI, 13.2–60.2) episodes per 1,000 patient-years. By means of multivariable Cox regression, chronic renal dysfunction, older age, obesity, and the use of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors were identified as independent risk factors for VTE among HT recipients. Conclusions. VTE is a frequent complication after HT, mainly during the first post-operative year. In view of a high recurrence rate, long-term anti-coagulation should be considered in HT recipients who experience a first VTE episode

The snow must go on: Ground ice encasement, snow compaction and absence of snow differently cause soil hypoxia, CO2 accumulation and tree seedling damage in boreal forest

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The adjective as discursive strategy : a proposal for high school

En el presente trabajo, elaboramos una propuesta de enseñanza para la escuela secundaria argentina partiendo de una reflexión metalingüística sobre los usos del adjetivo y sus proyecciones en el discurso. En las últimas décadas, el adjetivo ha sido objeto de estudio de la gramática, dejando de lado la descripción que de esta clase de palabra realizaba la gramática tradicional, entendida en un sentido amplio, en la que no se consideraba la capacidad del adjetivo de predicar y de contribuir a manifestar la valoración del hablante. En el marco del Enfoque Cognitivo Prototípico (Barbeito y Miñones 2007 y Borzi 2012), consideramos que el fenómeno de la adjetivación surge de la experiencia humana básica de que un objeto puede tener una cualidad, de modo que es imposible entender los adjetivos sin contemplar la necesidad de evaluar los objetos y sus atributos.In this paper, we elaborate a teaching proposal for Argentine secondary schools based on a metalinguistic reflection on the uses of the adjective and its projections in discourse. In recent decades, the adjective has been the object of study of grammar, leaving aside the description of this kind of word made by traditional grammar, understood in a broad sense, which did not consider the ability of the adjective to predicate and to contribute to express the speaker's valuation. Our proposal is framed within the Prototypical Cognitive Approach (Barbeito and Miñones 2007 & Borzi 2012), which considers that the phenomenon of adjectivation is due to the basic human experience that an object can have a quality, so that it is difficult to understand adjectives without relating them to the need to evaluate objects and their qualities

Pilot study of an online intervention for young people with a first psychotic episode: Thinkapp

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