Psychological interventions for mental health disorders in children with chronic physical illness: a systematic review.

Children with chronic physical illness are significantly more likely to develop common psychiatric symptoms than otherwise healthy children. These children therefore warrant effective integrated healthcare yet it is not established whether the known, effective, psychological treatments for symptoms of common childhood mental health disorders work in children with chronic physical illness

New Frontiers in the Treatment of Perfectionism

Perfectionism can present as a clinical problem in its own right or it can interfere with the successful treatment of Axis I disorders. In the past 15 years, a cognitive behavioral analysis of “clinical perfectionism” has been proposed. This approach and the measurement of the construct of clinical perfectionism have proved controversial. Nevertheless, the approach has experimental support and clinical utility; the derived treatment has been shown to lead to significant improvement on both measures of perfectionism and Axis I disorders. The cognitive behavioral intervention for perfectionism has been evaluated in a range of formats (group, individual, face-to-face, and online) and all show promise. Further work is required to address clinically important questions such as when to treat clinical perfectionism if it occurs in the context of single and multiple Axis I disorders

Cognitive-behavior therapy for compulsive checking in OCD

There is substantial evidence for the effectiveness of psychological treatments for OCD, and various approaches have been widely recommended. These approaches tend to be characterized by exposure and response prevention (ERP) and also tend to be applied equally to all forms of OCD. Patients/clients (and some therapists) often find ERP to be a difficult treatment, and both dropout and refusal rates are unacceptably high. Based on specific cognitive conceptualizations of different manifestations of OCD, new and refined cognitive treatment methods are now available. The present article describes a specific cognitively based approach to the treatment of compulsive checking

Guided self-help interventions for mental health disorders in children with neurological conditions: study protocol for a pilot randomised controlled

Background: Rates of mental health disorders are significantly greater in children with physical illnesses than in physically well children. Children with neurological conditions, such as epilepsy, are known to have particularly high rates of mental health disorders. Despite this, mental health problems in children with neurological conditions have remained under-recognised and under-treated in clinical settings. Evidence-based guided self-help interventions are efficacious in reducing symptoms of mental health disorders in children, but their efficacy in reducing symptoms of common mental health disorders in children with neurological conditions has not been investigated. We aim to pilot a guided self-help intervention for the treatment of mental health disorders in children with neurological conditions. Methods/design: A pilot randomised controlled trial with 18 patients with neurological conditions and mental health disorders will be conducted. Participants attending specialist neurology clinics at a National UK Children’s Hospital will be randomised to receive guided self-help for common mental health disorders or to a 12-week waiting list control. Participants in the treatment group will receive 10 sessions of guided self-help delivered over the telephone. The waiting list control group will receive the intervention after a waiting period of 12 weeks. The primary outcome measure is reduction in symptoms of mental health disorders. Exclusion criteria are limited to those at significant risk of harm to self or others, the presence of primary mental health disorder other than anxiety, depression or disruptive behaviour (e.g. psychosis, eating disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder) or intellectual disability at a level meaning potential participants would be unable to access the intervention. The study has ethical approval from the Camden and Islington NHS Research Ethics Committee, registration number 14.LO.1353. Results will be disseminated to patients, the wider public, clinicians and researchers through publication in journals and presentation at conferences. Discussion: This is the first study to investigate guided self-help interventions for mental health problems in children with neurological conditions, a group which is currently under-represented in mental health research. The intervention is modular and adapted from an empirically supported cognitive behavioural treatment. The generalisability and broad inclusion criteria are strengths but may also lead to some weaknesses

Guided Self-help Teletherapy for Behavioural Difficulties in Children with Epilepsy

Behavioural difficulties impact greatly upon quality of life for children with chronic illness and their families but are often not identified or adequately treated, possibly due to the separation of physical and mental health services. This case study describes the content and outcomes of guided self-help teletherapy for behavioural difficulties in a child with epilepsy and complex needs using an evidence-based behavioural parenting protocol delivered within a paediatric hospital setting. Behavioural difficulties and progress towards the family’s self-identified goals were monitored at each session. Validated measures of mental health and quality of life in children were completed before and after intervention and satisfaction was measured at the end of treatment. Measures demonstrated clear progress towards the family’s goals and reduction in weekly ratings of behavioural difficulties. This case demonstrates that a guided self-help teletherapy approach delivered from within the paediatric setting may be one way of meeting unmet need

Abnormal and normal mental contamination

Mental contamination is defined and the main features of the phenomenon are set out. In addition to the familiar form of abnormal mental contamination, as evident in psychological disorders, notably Obsessive-compulsive Disorder, the phenomenon of non-clinical mental contamination is common. The clinical form is distressing, uncontrollable, constant and dysfunctional. The normal phenomenon can be disturbing but it is usually dormant, evoked intermittently, transient, tolerable, manageable, not dysfunctional and psychologically fascinating. The cognitive theory of mental contamination encompasses the causes of mental contamination, its persistence, and individual vulnerability. The field would benefit greatly from additional work, such as that reported elsewhere in this Special Issue, to incorporate the unusual manifestations of visual contamination, morphing and self-contamination, and to account for the experience of mental contamination in nonclinical and other clinical manifestations

Usual care for mental health problems in children with epilepsy: A cohort study

Background: Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic paediatric conditions. Children and young people with epilepsy are at a significantly higher risk of developing mental health problems relative to the general population, yet the majority of these problems are unrecognised and under-treated in clinical practice. Although there is little epilepsy-specific guidance as to what interventions to use, researchers suggest there is no reason why clinicians should not be using the evidence base. Given the poor prognosis of untreated mental health difficulties, this cohort study sought to identify what psychological treatment young people with epilepsy with mental health needs receive in routine practice. // Methods: Participants were children and young people aged 3 to 18 attending paediatric neurology clinics. The parents of those children who met threshold for impairing symptoms on the Strengths and Difficulties questionnaire were asked to complete the Development and Well-being Assessment (DAWBA), an online clinical assessment designed to generate psychiatric diagnoses. Participants who met clinical threshold for a disorder according to the DAWBA were provided with a bespoke measure asking questions regarding their experience with treatment for mental health support. // Results: 16 of the 46 parents who completed the DAWBA reported that they had experienced previous or current support for their child’s mental health difficulties. The mental health support offered to families was highly variable, inadequate and often not clearly compliant with existing UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines for mental health treatment in children and young people. // Conclusions: The present study demonstrates the inconsistency and inadequacy of mental health provision for children and young people with epilepsy. Future work should explore reasons for the treatments offered failing to adhere to existing guidance for mental health difficulties in children, as well as possible solutions to this

Medically unexplained visual loss in children and young people: an observational single site study of incidence and outcomes

Purpose To determine the incidence of medically unexplained visual loss (MUVL) in children in an open access children’s eye casualty. Patients and methods We collated demographic and clinical data of consecutive patients younger than 16 years who presented to the children’s eye casualty at Moorfields Eye Hospital over a 12-month period and were diagnosed with MUVL or suspected MUVL. We reviewed the clinical records at least 3 months after initial presentation. We calculated the incidence using the number of ‘new patient’ attendances over the same period as denominator (n=2397). We used descriptive analysis. Main outcome measures: number of patients diagnosed with MUVL, proportion of patients with a history of or present psychological problems, recovery rate, and improvement in visual acuity. Results We identified 85 cases of MUVL (54 females; median age: 9 years (IQR 7–12)). The median duration of follow-up was 1.2 months (IQR 0–4.3). The estimated annual incidence was 3.5% (95% confidence interval 2.9–4.4%). Thirty-three per cent of children had a history of psychiatric disorders, reported a stressful life event, or showed signs of psychiatric disorder at the time of first presentation. The recovery rate was 25%. Median improvement in best-corrected visual acuity from presentation to last appointment was 0.22 (IQR 0.06–0.43) logMAR. Conclusion The incidence of MUVL is higher and the rate of resolution lower than previously reported. MUVL may be associated with mental health problems. We recommend screening for psychological problems to facilitate access to psychological treatment

'A greatest hits compilation of mental health support': A qualitative study of health professionals' perspectives of modular CBT in paediatric epilepsy services

OBJECTIVES: The primary aim of this qualitative study was to explore the views of health professionals, with little previous clinical mental health training, of an adapted modular cognitive-behavioral intervention (MATCH-ADTC) for common mental health problems in children and young people with epilepsy. METHODS: Healthcare Professionals (HCPs) and their supervisors were interviewed at the start (n = 23) and end (n = 15) of the six-month training period. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Three higher order themes with sub-themes were identified: (1) strengths of the MATCH-ADTC content and manual; (2) expectations of the treatment; and (3) improving practice with MATCH-ADTC. Overall impressions of the training and treatment were largely positive, with HCPs viewing MATCH-ADTC as an acceptable treatment for the families that they worked with. HCPs highlighted some challenges in delivering an integrated service, particularly relating to the time commitment involved and their own confidence in delivering the intervention, as many participants did not have a mental health background. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggested that the intervention and training was acceptable to HCPs working in pediatric epilepsy services, and confidence grew over the six-month training period. Further research is needed to understand how to best train, supervise, and support HCPs in pediatric epilepsy services to deliver mental health treatments

A drop-in centre for treating mental health problems in children with chronic illness: outcomes for parents and their relationship with child outcomes

BACKGROUND: Children with chronic health conditions and their parents are at greater risk of developing emotional and behavioural problems compared to their physically healthy peers. The psychological impact on parents is crucial to understand given the relationship between parental mental health and child emotional and behavioural difficulties. This study was part of a broader research project examining the acceptability, feasibility and impact of a ‘Mental Health and Psychological Wellbeing Drop-in Centre’ in a paediatric hospital providing access to support and intervention for children and their families. This paper aimed to investigate the impact of the centre on parents (n = 148). METHODS: Parental anxiety and depression were assessed using the GAD-7 and PHQ-9 at baseline and 6-month post-baseline. Child mental health was assessed using the parent-report Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). If parents had significant mental health needs, a brief intervention/signposting to relevant services was provided. RESULTS: At baseline, 48% of parents scored above clinical threshold for anxiety and 41% for depression, and parent reported child SDQ scores were correlated with parental anxiety and parental low mood. Self-reported parental anxiety and low mood decreased at 6-months post-baseline (parental anxiety: mean decrease = 2.29 [1.22–3.36], d = 0.38; parental low mood: mean decrease = 1.81 [0.64–3.00], d = 0.28). There were no significant correlations between change in parent reported child wellbeing and changes in parental low mood and anxiety between baseline and 6-month post-baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Assessing and providing a brief treatment to address the mental health needs of parents of children with comorbidity may bring important benefits. It is recommended that children's mental health services consider assessment of parental mental health as part of routine care