Analgesia after caesarian section: intermittent intramuscular morphine injection versus subcutaneous morphine boluses

چکیده: زمینه و هدف: به طور معمول مورفین به صورت عضلانی و یا تزریقی وریدی استفاده می شود. در مطالعات اخیر، تزریق مورفین زیرجلدی در دوزهای متفاوت در کاهش درد پس از عمل جراحی مفید گزارش شده و از طریق یک کاتتر زیرجلدی دائمی منجر به ایجاد غلظت خونی مناسبی می شود که مشابه تزریق عضلانی است. هدف از این مطالعه مقایسه تأثیر تزریق متناوب مورفین عضلانی با بلوس زیرجلدی بر بی دردی پس از عمل جراحی سزارین می‌باشد. روش بررسی: در یک مطالعه کارآزمایی بالینی تعداد 60 بیمار 45-16 ساله کاندید عمل جراحی سزارین الکتیو با ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) کلاس I و II به طور تصادفی به دو گروه 30 نفره تقسیم شدند. گروه اول بی دردی بعد از عمل جراحی را از طریق مورفین عضلانی (mg/kg 15/0) و گروه دوم به صورت بلوس زیرجلدی (mg/kg 15/0) دریافت کردند. درد بیمار پس از عمل جراحی در حالت استراحت و حرکت از طریق پرسشنامه اندازه گیری درد (VAS=Visual Analoguc Scale) هر 4 ساعت ثبت ‌شد. از طریق امتحان حداقل وضعیت مغزی، عملکرد شناختی قبل از عمل جراحی و در 2، 24 و 48 ساعت پس از عمل جراحی و در زمان ترخیص از بیمارستان ثبت گردید. بعلاوه عوارض بطور سیستماتیک طی 48 ساعت اول بعد از عمل جراحی در پرسشنامه وارد شد. داده ها با استفاده از آزمونهای آماری من ویتنی، ویلکاکسون، کای دو و فیشر تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته ها: تفاوت معنی داری بین دو گروه از لحاظ داده های دموگرافیک و پارامترهای حین عمل جراحی وجود نداشت. میانگین درد در حالت استراحت در گروه مورفین زیر جلدی و عضلانی به ترتیب 1/0±1/1 و 3/0±2/1 بود (05/0p>). در طی حرکت بیماران گروه مورفین زیر جلدی میزان درد پائین‌تری در ساعات 12، 16 و 20 پس از عمل جراحی داشتند (05/0

Expression and response surface optimization of the recovery and purification of recombinant D-galactose dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas fluorescens

The enzyme D-galactose dehydrogenase (GalDH) has been used in diagnostic kits to screen blood serum of neonates for galactosemia. It is also a significant tool for the measurement of β-D-galactose, α-D-galactose and lactose as well. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to identify the suitable conditions for recovery of recombinant GalDH from Pseudomonas fluorescens in aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS). The identified GalDH gene was amplified by PCR and confirmed by further cloning and sequencing. E. coli BL-21 (DE3) containing the GalDH gene on a plasmid (pET28aGDH) was used to express and purify the recombinant enzyme. The polyethylene glycol (PEG) and ammonium sulfate concentrations and pH value were selected as variables to analyze purification of GalDH. To build mathematical models, RSM with a central composite design was applied based on the conditions for the highest separation. The recombinant GalDH enzyme was expressed after induction with IPTG. It showed NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase activity towards D-Galactose. According to the RSM modeling, an optimal ATPS was composed of PEG-2000 14.0 (w/w) and ammonium sulfate 12.0 (w/w) at pH 7.5. Under these conditions, GalDH preferentially concentrated in the top PEG-rich phase. The enzyme activity, purification factor (PF) and recovery (R) were 1400 U/ml, 60.0 and 270.0, respectively. The PEG and salt concentrations were found to have significant effect on the recovery of enzyme. Briefly, our data showed that RSM could be an appropriate tool to define the best ATPS for recombinant P. fluorescens GalDH recovery. © 2015 National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR). All rights reserved

MicroRNAs as biomarkers associated with bladder cancer

Bladder cancer is the fifth most common cancer with significant morbidity and mortality. Recently, numerous studies demonstrated that microRNAs are emerging as diagnostic biomarkers for bladder cancer. Specific miRNA profiles have been identified for several samples from patients with bladder cancer. MicroRNAs are noncoding RNA molecules of approximately 23 nucleotides that play important roles in multiple steps during the progression of bladder cancer. Here, we review the expression profiles of miRNAs and their biological functions, regulation, and clinical implications in bladder cancer. Either downregulation or upregulation of miRNAs occurs in bladder cancer through epigenetic changes or defects of the biogenesis apparatus. Deregulation of miRNAs is involved in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, and other functions in bladder cancer. A number of miRNAs, have been associated with tumor type, stage, or patient survival, and miRNAs might be developed as diagnostic or prognostic markers. A better understanding of the roles of miRNAs in bladder cancer will shed light on the molecular mechanisms of bladder cancer

Evaluation of Robustness Component of Seismic Resilience in Low- and Mid-Rise Braced Frame Structures in the Near-Field Site

Earthquake as one of the most significant types of natural disasters have had considerable influence on human life for a long time and its unpredictable occurrence in terms of time and place has always caused vast human and financial losses. The energy released and the consequent shocks caused by the earthquake cause a lot of damage to natural structures, infrastructures, and buildings. The devastating effects of earthquakes quickly cause human and financial losses spreading to different economic, social, political, and cultural aspects of human society. Given that these different dimensions are closely interrelated, and thus affecting each other, the necessity of an appropriate and coherent multifaceted approach to managing and reducing the destructive effects of disasters gains significance. Resilience is defined as the ability of a unified system to reduce the chance of shock occurrence, absorption of its energy upon arrival, and quick recovery after a shock; now, in the case of earthquake, there are three stages to take into account to reduce: the probability of failure; consequences of failure such as financial and human losses and adverse economic, and social effects; and recovery time. This study aimed to elaborate and evaluate the robustness component of seismic resilience for two types of steel structures with a seismic-resistant frame characterized by panels equipped with a convergent chevron bracing system. This system includes two configurations of “Regular Chevron Bracing” and “Chevron and Inverse Chevron Bracing” in two different classes of low- and mid-rise structures. First, appropriate modeling was considered to evaluate the inelastic behavior of plastic hinges in structural elements and then, near-field seismic records were selected by considering the seismic directivity effects. Next, Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) was carried out to plot the respective curves that became the basis for the preparation of seismic fragility curves. Finally, the numerical values for the “Drop of Functionality” of the structures were determined, and the robustness component of the seismic resistance for structures under study was evaluated. A comparison of the obtained results showed the privileges of “Chevron and Inverse Chevron Bracing” and “Regular Chevron Bracing” in low-rise and mid-rise structures, respectively, in terms of configuration performance