The Changing Face of Medicine: Women Doctors and the Evolution of Health Care in America

[Excerpt] This book is a case study of one profession that plays a key role in the health care sector, which now represents about one seventh of the U.S. economy. It examines the most dramatic demographic change in this sector in the last century. But the issues we raise are likely to be of interest more broadly for what they say about the changing roles of women in contemporary society. Women\u27s entry into medicine is taken as dramatic evidence that the barriers to opportunity for women are rapidly falling in America. Does the experience of female physicians to date bear out this optimistic view? An alternative view is that gender roles remain deeply entrenched in our institutions and culture. Specifically, the gender division of household labor continues to constrain the choices of all women. The trade-offs between work and family may be clearest in the most demanding professions, such as law and medicine, which require a high degree of professional devotion. Our study builds on the fine histories of women in medicine written by Walsh, Morantz-Sanchez, and More. The analysis presented here focuses on the period since 1970, thus complementing the important studies of Bowman and colleagues and Bickel. Lorber examined the experiences of the generation of women who pioneered the transformation of the profession. With the benefit of additional decades of perspective, we are in a position to examine whether the role of gender in medicine is changing

Technical Paper No. 2: Student Evaluation of Faculty Teaching Performance: Analysis of Four Years' Data

Student evaluation of faculty teaching performance has provided an important source of evidence in making faculty personnel decisions at Sangamon State University. Students have been asked to rate the competency and the teaching ability of their instructors; specifically, near the end of each term, students have rated faculty using the following two items: 1) Do you think this teacher is competent in the content or matter offered in this course? 2) Overall, do you consider this person a good teacher? The two items were administered from 1971 to 1975, and a record of the resultant data has been maintained. The research reported in this paper was motivated by a desire to look at the stability and reliability of the evaluations obtained from the two item evaluations over the four year period.The present paper reports on the amount of agreement between the ratings given on the teaching item and the ratings on the competency item. The effect of rewording the teaching item on the ratings is also reported.published or submitted for publicationis peer reviewe

A Preservative-Free Emergent Trap for the Isotopic and Elemental Analysis of Emergent Insects From a Wetland System

This study reports a cost-effective, live emergent trap designed for the preservative-free use in both biogeochemical and ecological analyses of emerging insects. The trap proved to be advantageous in several ways. First, the simple design made the trap time-efficient since it was easy to set-up, change, and maintain. Second, live sampling not only provided uncontaminated organisms for elemental and stable isotopic analyses, it minimized disfigurement. This resulted in rapid and easy handling, as well as identification, of adult insects. Finally, trap avoidance by ephemeropterans and odonates, a common problem encountered in the literature, was minimal and organisms from both insect orders were successfully collected

GENERAL CROPLAND RETIREMENT: EFFECTS ON THE SOUTH OF RETIRING LOW-NET-RETURN ACREAGE VS. RETIRING HIGH-COST PRODUCTION

Land Economics/Use,

PREFERENTIAL TRADING ARRANGEMENTS IN WESTERN HEMISPHERE COUNTRIES

Many countries of the Western Hemisphere in recent years have shown interest in participating in preferential trading arrangements (PTA) in anticipation of expanding exports. Results in this paper show that export expansion depends upon the type of agreement that is formed and who else is participating. Trade of two agricultural commodities are examined; wheat, and fruit and vegetable juices. Five PTAs are examined, each including the United States and one or more Western Hemisphere countries.International Relations/Trade,

Family Labor Supply With Taxes

Over the period 1960 - 1983 the proportion of federal tax revenue raised by taxation of labor supply has risen from 57-77 percent. In this paper, we specify and estimate a model of family labor supply which treats both federal and state taxation. Husbands and wives labor supply are treated jointly rather than in aseparate manner as in previous research. A method to calculate the virtual wage for nonworking spouses is used within a utility maximizing framework to treat correctly the joint family labor supply decision. Joint family efforts are found to be important. The efficiency cost (deadweight loss) of labor taxation is estimated to be 29.6% of tax revenue raised. The effect of the new 10% deduction to ease the marriage tax for working spouses leads to a prediction of 3.8% increase in wives labor supply and a .9% decrease in husbands labor supply.Overall taxes paid are predicted to decrease by 3.4%.

Heteroskedasticity-Robust Inference in Finite Samples

Since the advent of heteroskedasticity-robust standard errors, several papers have proposed adjustments to the original White formulation. We replicate earlier findings that each of these adjusted estimators performs quite poorly in finite samples. We propose a class of alternative heteroskedasticity-robust tests of linear hypotheses based on an Edgeworth expansions of the test statistic distribution. Our preferred test outperforms existing methods in both size and power for low, moderate, and severe levels of heteroskedasticity.