Glamour Acquirers, Method of Payment and Post-acquisition Performance: The UK Evidence

We study the effect of different acquirer types, defined by financial status and their payment methods, on their short and long-term performance, in terms of abnormal returns using a variety of benchmark models. For a sample of 519 UK acquirers during 1983-95, we examine the abnormal return performance of acquirers based on their pre-bid financial status as either glamour or value acquirers using both the price to earnings (PE) ratio and market to book value ratio (MTBV). Value acquirers outperform glamour acquirers in the three-year post-acquisition period. One interpretation is that glamour firms have overvalued equity and tend to exploit their status and use it more often than cash to finance their acquisitions. As we move from glamour to value acquirers, there is a greater use of cash. Our results are broadly consistent with those for the US reported by Rau and Vermaelen (1998). However, in contrast to their study, we find stronger support for the method of payment hypothesis than for extrapolation hypothesis. Cash acquirers generate higher returns than equity acquirers, irrespective of their glamour/ value status. Our conclusions, based on four benchmark models for abnormal returns, suggest that stock markets in both the US and the UK may share a similar proclivity for over-extrapolation of past performance, at least in the bid period. They also tend to reassess acquirer performance in the post-acquisition period and correct this overextrapolation. These results have implications for the behavioural aspects of capital markets in both countries. Copyright Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 2002.

Impact of operating and balance sheet performance of Japanese international banks on bank safety levels and risk ratings

Using a simultaneous equation model initially developed by Shrieves and Dahl this article shows that Japanese banks in comparison to European banks, have focused on factors other than those that impact on bank safety levels. This has left Japanese banks in a vulnerable position with respect to levels of non-performing loans and indicates that less attention has been paid to prudent credit risk assessment and management practices. Recent events and actions initiated by the Japanese government suggests that Japanese banks are in crisis in terms of their dangerously large burden of non-performing loans. The broad objective of this study is to demonstrate that the attention of any healthy and safe banking system needs to be focused on operating and balance sheet fundamentals. Focus needs to be on maximization of earnings, determination of the appropriate level of financial risk, careful management of expenses and the optimisation of bank size in a deregulated, competitive environment where prudent lending criteria are applied.