Overcoming thermal noise in non-volatile spin wave logic

Spin waves are propagating disturbances in magnetically ordered materials, analogous to lattice waves in solid systems and are often described from a quasiparticle point of view as magnons. The attractive advantages of Joule-heat-free transmission of information, utilization of the phase of the wave as an additional degree of freedom and lower footprint area compared to conventional charge-based devices have made spin waves or magnon spintronics a promising candidate for beyond-CMOS wave-based computation. However, any practical realization of an all-magnon based computing system must undergo the essential steps of a careful selection of materials and demonstrate robustness with respect to thermal noise or variability. Here, we aim at identifying suitable materials and theoretically demonstrate the possibility of achieving error-free clocked non-volatile spin wave logic device, even in the presence of thermal noise and clock jitter or clock skew.Comment: 31 pages including supplementary informatio

Clocked Magnetostriction-Assisted Spintronic Device Design and Simulation

We propose a heterostructure device comprised of magnets and piezoelectrics that significantly improves the delay and the energy dissipation of an all-spin logic (ASL) device. This paper studies and models the physics of the device, illustrates its operation, and benchmarks its performance using SPICE simulations. We show that the proposed device maintains low voltage operation, non-reciprocity, non-volatility, cascadability, and thermal reliability of the original ASL device. Moreover, by utilizing the deterministic switching of a magnet from the saddle point of the energy profile, the device is more efficient in terms of energy and delay and is robust to thermal fluctuations. The results of simulations show that compared to ASL devices, the proposed device achieves 21x shorter delay and 27x lower energy dissipation per bit for a 32-bit arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)

Histopathological changes of gill, liver and kidney in Caspian kutum exposed to Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate

The histopathological effects of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate on the gill, liver and kidney tissues of the Caspian kutum, Rutilus frisii kutum were studied. The fish were exposed to three sublethal concentrations of anionic detergent, Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) for short term intervals (192 h). Gill, liver and kidney samples were collected after 192 h of exposure to LAS and lesions were analyzed by light microscopy. The histological changes to gills were edema, fusion of lamellae and lamellar aneurism. Some alterations like reduction of the interstitial haematopoietic tissue, tubular shrinkage, degeneration in the epithelial cells of renal tubule and necrosis were observed in the kidney. In the liver tissue, hepatocyte degeneration, congestion and dilation of sinusoid and vacuolar degeneration were seen. It seems that sublethal concentration of LAS may affect severe changes to gill, kidney and liver of R. frisii kutum specimens that leads to malfunction of these organs which cause damage to health of the fish

Characterizing implementable allocation rules in multi-dimensional environments

We study characterizations of implementable allocation rules when types are multi-dimensional, monetary transfers are allowed, and agents have quasi-linear preferences over outcomes and transfers. Every outcome is associated with a continuous valuation function that maps an agent's type to his value for this outcome. Sets of types are assumed to be convex. Our main characterization theorem implies that allocation rules are implementable if and only if they are implementable on any two-dimensional convex subset of the type set. For finite sets of outcomes, they are implementable if and only if they are implementable on every one-dimensional subset of the type set. Our results complement and extend significantly a characterization result by Saks and Yu, as well as follow-up results thereof. Contrary to our model, this stream of literature identifies types with valuation vectors. In such models, convexity of the set of valuation vectors allows for a similar characterization as ours. Furthermore, implementability on one-dimensional subsets of valuation vectors is equivalent to monotonicity. We show by example that the latter does not hold anymore in our more general setting. Our proofs demonstrate that the linear programming approach to mechanism design, pioneered in Gui et al. and Vohra, can be extended from models with linear valuation functions to arbitrary continuous valuation functions. This provides a deeper understanding of the role of monotonicity and local implementation. In particular, we provide a new, simple proof of the Saks and Yu theorem, and generalizations thereof. Modeling multi-dimensional mechanism design the way we propose it here is of relevance whenever types are given by few parameters, while the set of possible outcomes is large, and when values for outcomes are non-linear functions in types

Crosstalk analysis of carbon nanotube bundle interconnects

Carbon nanotube (CNT) has been considered as an ideal interconnect material for replacing copper for future nanoscale IC technology due to its outstanding current carrying capability, thermal conductivity, and mechanical robustness. In this paper, crosstalk problems for single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) bundle interconnects are investigated; the interconnect parameters for SWCNT bundle are calculated first, and then the equivalent circuit has been developed to perform the crosstalk analysis. Based on the simulation results using SPICE simulator, the voltage of the crosstalk-induced glitch can be reduced by decreasing the line length, increasing the spacing between adjacent lines, or increasing the diameter of SWCNT