Participation of paediatric patients in primary dental care before and after a dental general anaesthetic

Purpose The aim of this retrospective study is to determine children’s attendance and experience of preventative interventions and operative treatment (restorations and extractions) with their primary care dentist (PCD) in the 12 months before and after their caries management under dental general anaesthetic (DGA).Methods A record of all children who had an elective DGA in 2016 across two hospital sites was retrospectively obtained (n= 1308). A representative sample of 300 was randomly selected encompassing 114 dental practices. An online questionnaire to the children’s PCDs collated quantitative and qualitative data regarding participation in the pre- and post-DGA period.Results Data was collated and analysed for 80 children (mean age: 6 years 10 months[SD = 2.49; range: 2 years 1 month – 14 years 3 months]; equal sex distribution) with 43responding PCDs. Attendance for examination declined significantly from 85% (n = 68)pre-DGA to 57.5% (n = 46) post-DGA (p ≤ 0.001). Attendance at emergency appointments pre-DGA was high (33.75% [n = 27]); a significant reduction post-DGA was recorded (p ≤ 0.001). Over one third of children (37.5% [n = 30]) did not receive any form of preventative intervention over 24 months. A non-significant reduction in the provision of operative treatment was observed post-DGA (p = 0.06 [fill, primary]; p = 0.78[fill, permanent]; p = 0.66 [ext, primary]). No statistical difference between age and treatment experience was found. Qualitative analysis revealed challenges in providing care included behavioural difficulties and poor attendance.Conclusion Improvements are required in strategies employed to support high caries risk children pre- and post-DGA to facilitate a higher incidence of attendance and preventative intervention with PCDs

La suplementación de larga duración con atenolol convierte la insaturación de las membranas mitocondriales de músculo esquelético y de corazón de ratón en la característica de mamíferos de supervivencia diez veces mayor. Efectos sobre la longevidad

The long-term effects of atenolol in drinking water throughout the whole lifespan (3.3 years) of a mammal (128 C57BL/6 male mice-SPF) were studied for the first time. We observed beneficial aging-related changes: decreases in the degree of unsaturation of mitochondrial membranes and of the 22:6n-3 fatty acid, an increase in oleic acid, as well as decreases in protein oxidation, glycoxidation and lipoxidation and oxidative damage in mtDNA in heart and skeletal muscle mitochondria. However, a secondary effect of the drug only in old animals was detected that agrees with recent meta-analyses in human patients.Se estudia por primera vez el efecto a largo plazo del atenolol en el agua de bebida durante toda la vida (3,3 años) de un mamífero (128 ratones C57BL/6 macho-SPF). Observamos cambios beneficiosos relacionados con el envejecimiento: descenso en el grado de insaturación de las membranas mitocondriales y del ácido graso 22:6n-3, un incremento del ácido oleico, y descenso de la oxidación, glicoxidación y lipoxidación de proteínas y daño oxidativo al ADNmt en mitocondrias de corazón y músculo esquelético. Sin embargo, detectamos un efecto secundario del fármaco sólo en animales viejos que coincide con meta-análisis recientes en pacientes humanos

DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AN EXTREMELY LOWFREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS GENERATOR

In this article we present the results of the design, development and characterization of an extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields generator to carry out experiments with small animals. For the design of the exposure system, we took into account that its configuration should allow the application of a electromagnetic fields that meets uniformityand field intensity criteria, while making it possible to observe, manipulate and locate the sample easily, a fact that proposes accessibility requirements. For the application of different electromagnetic fields exposure protocols in the future, the generator must allow calibrated and homogeneous emissions, under known exposure conditions. Results of the constructive process are presented, in which the proposed materials and methods are analyzed, as well as the system performance results

Oxidative damage compromises energy metabolism in the axonal degeneration mouse model of X-adrenoleukodystrophy

Aims: Chronic metabolic impairment and oxidative stress are associated with the pathogenesis of axonal dysfunction in a growing number of neurodegenerative conditions. To investigate the intertwining of both noxious factors, we have chosen the mouse model of adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), which exhibits axonal degeneration in spinal cords and motor disability. The disease is caused by loss of function of the ABCD1 transporter, involved in the import and degradation of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) in peroxisomes. Oxidative stress due to VLCFA excess appears early in the neurodegenerative cascade. Results: In this study, we demonstrate by redox proteomics that oxidative damage to proteins specifically affects five key enzymes of glycolysis and TCA (Tricarboxylic acid) cycle in spinal cords of Abcd1(-) mice and pyruvate kinase in human X-ALD fibroblasts. We also show that NADH and ATP levels are significantly diminished in these samples, together with decrease of pyruvate kinase activities and GSH levels, and increase of NADPH. Innovation: Treating Abcd1(-) mice with the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and alpha-lipoic acid (LA) prevents protein oxidation; preserves NADH, NADPH, ATP, and GSH levels; and normalizes pyruvate kinase activity, which implies that oxidative stress provoked by VLCFA results in bioenergetic dysfunction, at a presymptomatic stage. Conclusion: Our results provide mechanistic insight into the beneficial effects of antioxidants and enhance the rationale for translation into clinical trials for X-adrenoleukodystrophy. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 15, 2095-2107

Diseño, desarrollo y caracterización de un generador de CEM de frecuencia extremadamente baja para el trabajo con pequeños animales

En este trabajo presentamos los resultados del diseño, desarrollo y caracterización de un generador de Campos Electromagnéticos de Frecuencia Extremadamente Baja CEM-FEB para la realización de experimentos con pequeños animales. Para el diseño del sistema de exposición se tuvo como premisa que la configuración permita aplicar a la muestra un CEM que cumpla con criterios de uniformidad e intensidad de campo requeridos pero que además haga posible observar, manipular y ubicar la muestra fácilmente, lo cual impone requisitos de accesibilidad. Para la aplicación futura de distintos protocolos de exposición a CEM, el generador debe permitir realizar emisiones calibradas y homogéneas, bajo condiciones de exposición conocidas. Se presentan resultados del proceso constructivo, en los que se analizan materiales y métodos propuestos, así como de estudios de desempeño del sistema. Al final del trabajo se presentan los resultados de una prueba piloto trabajando con pequeños animales expuestos a CEM-FEB

Diagnostically Challenging Epithelial Odontogenic Tumors: A Selective Review of 7 Jawbone Lesions

Considerable variation in the clinicopathologic presentation of epithelial odontogenic tumors can sometimes be confusing and increase the chance of misdiagnosis. Seven diagnostically challenging jawbone lesions are described. There were 2 cases of mistaken identity in our ameloblastoma file. One unicystic type, initially diagnosed and treated as a lateral periodontal cyst, showed destructive recurrence 6 years postoperatively. The other globulomaxillary lesion was managed under the erroneous diagnosis of adenomatoid odontogenic tumor and recurred 4 times over an 11-year period. This tumor was found in retrospect to be consistent with an adenoid ameloblastoma with dentinoid. The diagnosis of cystic squamous odontogenic tumor (SOT) occurring as a radicular lesion of an impacted lower third molar was one of exclusion. Of two unsuspected keratocystic odontogenic tumors, one depicted deceptive features of pericoronitis, while the other case has long been in our files with the diagnosis of globulomaxillary SOT. Two cases of primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma appeared benign clinically and exhibited unexpected findings; an impacted third molar began to erupt in association with the growth of carcinoma and another periradicular carcinoma showed dentinoid formation. Cases selectively reviewed in this article present challenging problems which require clinical and radiographic correlation to avoid potential diagnostic pitfalls

The effects of long-term saturated fat enriched diets on the brain lipidome

The brain is highly enriched in lipids, where they influence neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity and inflammation. Non-pathological modulation of the brain lipidome has not been previously reported and few studies have investigated the interplay between plasma lipid homeostasis relative to cerebral lipids. This study explored whether changes in plasma lipids induced by chronic consumption of a well-tolerated diet enriched in saturated fatty acids (SFA) was associated with parallel changes in cerebral lipid homeostasis. Male C57Bl/6 mice were fed regular chow or the SFA diet for six months. Plasma, hippocampus (HPF) and cerebral cortex (CTX) lipids were analysed by LC-ESI-MS/MS. A total of 348 lipid species were determined, comprising 25 lipid classes. The general abundance of HPF and CTX lipids was comparable in SFA fed mice versus controls, despite substantial differences in plasma lipid-class abundance. However, significant differences in 50 specific lipid species were identified as a consequence of SFA treatment, restricted to phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), alkyl-PC, alkenyl-PC, alkyl-PE, alkenyl-PE, cholesterol ester (CE), diacylglycerol (DG), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylserine (PS) classes. Partial least squares regression of the HPF/CTX lipidome versus plasma lipidome revealed the plasma lipidome could account for a substantial proportion of variation. The findings demonstrate that cerebral abundance of specific lipid species is strongly associated with plasma lipid homeostasis

Impact of caloric and dietary restriction regimens on markers of health and longevity in humans and animals: a summary of available findings

Considerable interest has been shown in the ability of caloric restriction (CR) to improve multiple parameters of health and to extend lifespan. CR is the reduction of caloric intake - typically by 20 - 40% of ad libitum consumption - while maintaining adequate nutrient intake. Several alternatives to CR exist. CR combined with exercise (CE) consists of both decreased caloric intake and increased caloric expenditure. Alternate-day fasting (ADF) consists of two interchanging days; one day, subjects may consume food ad libitum (sometimes equaling twice the normal intake); on the other day, food is reduced or withheld altogether. Dietary restriction (DR) - restriction of one or more components of intake (typically macronutrients) with minimal to no reduction in total caloric intake - is another alternative to CR. Many religions incorporate one or more forms of food restriction. The following religious fasting periods are featured in this review: 1) Islamic Ramadan; 2) the three principal fasting periods of Greek Orthodox Christianity (Nativity, Lent, and the Assumption); and 3) the Biblical-based Daniel Fast. This review provides a summary of the current state of knowledge related to CR and DR. A specific section is provided that illustrates related work pertaining to religious forms of food restriction. Where available, studies involving both humans and animals are presented. The review includes suggestions for future research pertaining to the topics of discussion