Current tendencies in the nutrition of women and pregnant women of industrial region of Ukraine and their influence on microelements supply

During recent decades there has been observed a violation in the structure of nutrition of the population with a significant decrease in the consumption of biologically valuable products, resulting in the development of the so-called "latent hunger", particularly in sensitive groups of population – women of reproductive age and pregnant women. Studies performed have found significant violations of the requirements of rational nutrition in relation to its regime and the average daily food package, which is excessive in consumption of bread and bakery products, sugar and confectionery products by 9,9%-67,6% and is characterized by a shortage of other groups of foodstuff with various degree of evidence. On the background of deformation of nutrition there is observed an increased income of xenobiotics – lead and cadmium into the female body, which is by 3,8-7,8 times higher than the level of so-called "optimal one". At the same time the level of income of essential micronutrients – zinc and copper was by 9,5-45,7% lower than the RDI

Clinical and hygienic assessment of bone mineral density in population of ecologically contrasting territories.

Disorder of the relationship between biotic and abiotic elements against the background of anthropogenic stress on the human body affects the course of bone remodeling. It is bone tissue in the human body that has the greatest cumulative properties with respect to many xenobiotics, lead in particular. The accumulation of lead in the bone leads to the replacement of calcium ions by ions of the abiotic element and causes further changes in the bone structure: inhibition of growth processes, decreased density, the development of osteopenia and osteoporosis. In the article, a comparative hygienic analysis of bone mineral density levels (according to T-score) in industrial (n=68) and control (n=70) areas was conducted. The T-score, calculated at the LI-LIV level obtained by the method of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used and was evaluated according to the recommendations of the WHO. The formation of a homogeneous sample of persons for the study was conducted according to the place of residence, age, sex, absence of diseases and regular intake of drugs leading to a decrease in bone mass. Summarizing the results, it should be noted that the population of Dniprо city has a more negative and significant decrease in the bone mineral density (according to the T-score) compared to the same values of the control areas – 2.15-4.6 times and Ukraine's – 1.39-4.21 times. According to WHO recommendations, T-score indices for residents of industrial territory indicate to the presence of osteopenia, while among residents of the control area, the norm for this indicator is noted. Consequently, there is an effect of man-made including lead, pollution of the environment on the level of bone mineral density in the industrial city this contributes to the development of osteoporotic changes in the population

Biochemical changes in the organism of children as predictors of microsaturnism

Purpose – to evaluate the low-dose effect of lead on the microelement state and the pre-nosological indicators of the health in preschool children living in conditions of its permanent impact. Materials and methods. Hygienic monitoring of lead, copper, and zinc in air, water, and foodstuffs was carried out in two industrial districts of Dniprо city and a “conditionally clean” district of a non-industrial city. To assess the prenosological state of health in the child contingent, 46 and 57 children from pre-school institutions in the observation areas city, aged 5 to 6 years and 20 children from the control area were examined in a similar way. Results. The average blood lead content in 70–100 % of children in industrial areas is 1.6–5 times higher than the normative and 9.5–30 times the control. In 33–66 % of the children examined in the industrial areas and 12 % of the controls, the urine lead concentration is 6.4–12.8 times higher than the standard. Hair lead concentration in preschoolers corresponds to the permissible level, but is 2–3.5 times higher than in the children from the control region, which was found in 73–78 % of the examined. Tooth lead concentration in the children from industrial areas is 4.6 times higher than the standard level recommended by WHO, and in the nail is 3.2 times the background values. The copper content in all biosubstrates of children is determined at the physiological level, and zinc – lower by 49–80 %. The elevated lead content in biosubstrates is accompanied by 1.2 and 1.9 times increase in urinary δ-ALA activity in the children from industrial areas as compared with the recommended norm, which was observed in 51–89 % of the children examined. Conclusions. The biochemical abnormalities identified in the body of children indicate the beginning of microsaturnism development, which in case of microelemental status violations, is the rationale for finding effective means of reducing the "lead pressure" on the child population health

Effect of Cadmium Exposure on Male Fertility

Among the xenobiotics of diverse nature, heavy metals are especially dangerous for the human reproductive system in case of excessive intake. Cadmium, which is one of the most common toxic substances for the environment and production, can pose a potential threat to human health. An increasing amount of cadmium in the environmental objects and in nutrition is believed to be related to a poor semen quality. The purpose of the study was to determine the impact of cadmium on the reproductive potential of men who live in ecologically contrasting conditions. Material and methods. Clinical and hygienic assessment of the reproductive health was carried out among 2 experimental groups: the 1st group consisted of fertile men living in the city of Dnipro (62 respondents), the 2nd group included men with normal fertility living in the control city (37 respondents). To determine the cadmium concentration, venous blood samples and ejaculate were selected according to the standard methods. Biological samples were transferred to aliquots, frozen and stored at -20 ° C until analysis. The research was carried out using inversion voltammetry on the device AVA-2. Statistical processing of the results was carried out using statistical software packages of statistical analysis Statistica v.6.1 (StatsoftInc., США, licence NAJAR909E415822FA), Microsoft Excel. Results and discussion. Cadmium content in the blood and in the sperm of the fertile men of industrial city 1.3-5.8 times higher than the results of research in the control city and literature data. Differences between the cadmium content in the blood and semen of fertile men was shown to be unlikely, suggesting that the hematotesticular barrier is insufficient to protect the male reproductive organs from the toxic effects of the metal. The ejaculate in the fertile men of the studied cities is characterized by normosospermia and meets the standards. However in the residents of the industrial city the ejaculate quality indices were mostly at the lower level of the norm and were significantly worse than in the residents of the control city. Cadmium contained in male biosubstrates affect the hormonal status and quality of semen. Conclusion. Violations of spermatogenesis can serve as a rapidly-responding and reliable criterion for assessing the adaptation and maladaptation processes of men under the influence of xenobiotics of the environment, in particular cadmium. In this case, the markers of influence are the total number of sperm in the ejaculate, their concentration, mobility and the number of pathological forms, semen viscosity</jats:p

Clinical and hygienic assessment of bone mineral density in population of ecologically contrasting territories.

Disorder of the relationship between biotic and abiotic elements against the background of anthropogenic stress on the human body affects the course of bone remodeling. It is bone tissue in the human body that has the greatest cumulative properties with respect to many xenobiotics, lead in particular. The accumulation of lead in the bone leads to the replacement of calcium ions by ions of the abiotic element and causes further changes in the bone structure: inhibition of growth processes, decreased density, the development of osteopenia and osteoporosis. In the article, a comparative hygienic analysis of bone mineral density levels (according to T-score) in industrial (n=68) and control (n=70) areas was conducted. The T-score, calculated at the LI-LIV level obtained by the method of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used and was evaluated according to the recommendations of the WHO. The formation of a homogeneous sample of persons for the study was conducted according to the place of residence, age, sex, absence of diseases and regular intake of drugs leading to a decrease in bone mass. Summarizing the results, it should be noted that the population of Dniprо city has a more negative and significant decrease in the bone mineral density (according to the T-score) compared to the same values of the control areas – 2.15-4.6 times and Ukraine's – 1.39-4.21 times. According to WHO recommendations, T-score indices for residents of industrial territory indicate to the presence of osteopenia, while among residents of the control area, the norm for this indicator is noted. Consequently, there is an effect of man-made including lead, pollution of the environment on the level of bone mineral density in the industrial city this contributes to the development of osteoporotic changes in the population

Reproductive Health of Men of Industrial Areas: Risk Factors, Donosological Diagnostics, Prevention.

Deterioration of the environment in the XX-XXI century under the influence of chemical, physical, radiological and other factors is not only and not just an ecological catastrophe of modern times, but a direct threat to the health and life of human society as a whole. Among the most important factors influencing people's health occupy chemical the leading place, because since 1957 more than 50 million chemical substances were synthesized, but only 15% of them have a toxicological evaluation, and 30% of the diseases in Europe are associated with chemical factor (ECHA-EXA). Chemical "pressing" determines a significant reduction in the reproduction of the population of Europe, and for Ukraine itmeans a large-scale depopulation, among possible reasons of which a significant role belongs to the deterioration of the reproductive capacity of population, men in particular, and this work is devoted to this problem. On the basis of profound analysis of literature data, complex ecologic-hygienic researches we identified markers of exposure, prognosticaly significant markers of impact for the early diagnostics of disorders of male generative system in conditions of low-dose impact of xenobiotics. We achieved convincing evidence of ecologically determined character of unogenital diseases and fertility decrease, we developed scientifically-justified principles of management of risk of development of ecologically-determined reproductive pathology in men

Preventive Medicine as a Component of Objective Structured Clinical Examination

The purpose of the study was to develop an optimal model of simulation and practical examination stations “hygiene and ecology” as components of objective structured clinical examination for the actualization of the formation of a preventive way of thinking among students of higher medical training. The paper analyzes the Passports of the simulation and practical stations of the objective structured clinical examination, their methodological and logistical support, which will allow to fully perform all the tasks and methods provided by the algorithms for mastering special professional competencies. The simulation station reproduces a number of real-life situations in specific tasks (25 options in total), the solution of which allows to assess the student's mastery of the professional competencies provided by the higher education standard, in particular: determining the risks to public health from the consumption of poor-quality drinking water, determining the nutritional status of the patient and the appropriateness of the prescription of therapeutic nutrition for the prevention of “diseases of civilization”, determining the requirements for compliance with sanitary and epidemiological requirements in health care facilities. The practical station is equipped with modern analytical instruments which allows the student to demonstrate their practical skills, in particular: bacterial air testing with evaluation of the results, research and evaluation of indoor microclimate parameters, research and evaluation of light environment parameters, measurement and evaluation of ionizing radiation, professional hand hygiene in health care facilities. To ensure high-quality training of students to perform the tasks of a practical station additional educational video guides were created, which are posted for general access on the department's page on the website of the University. Conclusion. Ukraine has now formed its own complex set of social, technogenic and environmental problems, which necessitates the development of appropriate skills and abilities in preventive medicine in future general practitioners. Objective structured clinical examination is a modern type of assessment of students' practical knowledge and skills, designed to test their acquisition of clinical skills and competencies that cannot be assessed by traditional forms of examinations. For the practical implementation of the preventive part of objective structured clinical examination in institutions of higher medical education, it should be taken into account that the traditional methods of protection and prevention, which have been developed by mankind over the centuries for the prevention of mass infectious, environmentally dependent, occupational and lifestyle diseases, in modern conditions are insufficient and/or ineffective</jats:p

Аналіз модифікуючого впливу цитратів золота, срібла та заліза на ембріотоксичність ацетату свинцю в експерименті.

Background. Metals and their nanoforms are widely used in modern medicine and veterinary as antimicrobial bandage and films in surgery (silver) and also as an agent for targeted delivery of medicines in oncology (gold). At the same time their impact on embryogenesis and reproductive system is still poorly understood. Objective. The purpose of this experimental work was to investigate the possible modification effect of iron, gold and silver citrates on toxicity of low doses of lead acetate on reproductive function and embryogenesis of rats. Methods. 40 female rats were subdivided into 5 groups: 1st – administration of lead acetate; 2nd – lead acetate + gold citrate; 3rd – lead acetate + silver citrate; 4th – lead acetate + iron citrate; 5th – control. Solutions were administered to pregnant rats through a catheter once a day, daily from the 1st to the 19th days of pregnancy. Results. Introduction of ultra-low doses of lead acetate to pregnant female rats caused embryotoxicity; it resulted in significant decrease in the number of alive fetuses (17%) and corpora lutea in ovaries. The combined administration of low doses of lead acetate + metal citrates resulted in the increased number of corpora lutea of pregnancy and percentage of alive fetuses, due to a decrease in general and pre-implantation embryonic mortality compared with the 1st experimental group at almost the same weight of fetuses. Conclusion. Results of the experiment have shown that the administration of gold, iron and silver citrates in combination with lead acetate prevents the negative impact of the latter on the reproductive system and on the processes of embryonic development.Изучено влияние низких доз ацетата свинца отдельно и в комбинации с цитратами металлов на репродуктивную функцию и эмбриогенез крыс в эксперименте. Результаты эксперимента показали, что введение цитратов золота, железа или серебра оказывает модифицирующее действие на эмбриотоксичность ацетата свинца, а также предупреждает негативное влияние последнего на репродуктивную систему.Вивчено вплив низьких доз ацетату свинцю окремо і в комбінації з цитратами металів на репродуктивну функцію і ембріогенез щурів в експерименті. Результати дослідження показали, що введення цитратів золота, заліза або срібла спричинює модифікуючий вплив на ембріотоксичність ацетату свинцю, а також попереджає негативний вплив останнього на репродуктивну систему