Un mode de conduite biologique et un niveau élevé d'herbe améliorent la qualité nutritionelle des acides gras de la viande chez l'agneau engraisse au pâturage

This study aimed at comparing the nutritional quality of meat fatty acids (FA) of pasture-fed lambs reared organically or conventionally and offered two levels of herbage availability. Forty eight castrated male lambs of Limousine breed were used in a 2 x 2 experimental design, i.e. production system (Organic –O- vs. Conventional –C-) x level of herbage availability (High vs. Low). The O and C pastures differed in the level of on-pasture mineral N fertilization (0 vs. 100 U. ha-1. year-1) since 10 years. The level of pasture availability was managed to obtain a mean lamb age at slaughter of 5 vs. 6 months in the High and the Low level respectively. GLC analysis of fatty acids from the Longissimus thoracis muscle showed that organic farming system improved the health value of lamb meat by decreasing the level of saturated FA and especially 16:0, thus leading to a higher value of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) to saturated FA ratio (+15%, P<0.03) and increasing the level of CLA (+18.2%, P< 0.002). The high level of herbage availability led to a better nutritional and health value of meat FA by increasing significantly deposition of n-6 PUFA (+16.3%), n-3 PUFA (+15%) and CLA (+20.2%) in LT muscle to the detriment of saturated FA (-3.4%). In conclusion, the present study confirmed the general interest of pasture-feeding on the nutritional quality of the lamb meat. It showed, for the first time, the beneficial impact of organic farming on the health value of lamb meat FA by favouring deposition of PUFA (compared to saturated FA) and CLA, this effect being reinforced by a high level of pasture availability

Qualités de la viande d’agneaux d’herbe produits en élevage biologique ou conventionnel

La mention "Agriculture Biologique" sur un produit garantit une manière de produire, mais l’obligation de résultats est limitée à la conformation et l’état d’engraissement de la carcasse, d’où des questions sur les qualités alimentaires du produit viande

Dietary experience modifies horses' feeding behavior and selection patterns of three macronutrient rich diets

Choice feeding is often used to investigate an animal’s nutritional requirements and dietary preferences. A problem with this approach is that animals with long gut transit times, such as the horse, may find it difficult to associate a chosen food with its nutritional consequence when alternative foods are presented simultaneously. One solution is to present foods singly for a period of time before a simultaneous choice session to allow the development of learned associations. This method was used to determine if horse’s voluntary intake and feeding behavior was influenced by the macronutrient composition of the diet. Seven stabled horses, maintained on a low intensity exercise regimen, were allowed, on an ad libitum basis, haylage and 3 isocaloric forage based diets that were rich in 1 of 3 macronutrients (protein, lipid, and hydrolyzable carbohydrate). Initially, diets were presented as a 3-way choice for 5 d (self-selection a [SSa]), then singly (monadic phase) with exposure to each diet for 2 separate periods of 3 d each, and finally again as a choice for 5 d (self-selection b [SSb]). The total amount of trial diet offered differed with trial phase, with 2 to 2.5% of BW during SSa and the monadic phase, increasing to ad libitum access during SSb. To control differences in the total amount of trial diet offered, 2 measurements of voluntary intake were taken at 4 and 22 h postpresentation. Daily macronutrient and energy intakes were estimated from proximate analysis of the trial diets and batches of haylage fed. Feeding behavior was observed over a single 4-h period during both self-selection phases. Horses showed no initial preference after 4 h for any 1 diet during SSa. Following the monadic phase, horses demonstrated a preference for the protein and hydrolyzable carbohydrate rich diets over the lipid rich diet (P < 0.001). Dietary experience modified foraging behavior as the total number of visits to the diets decreased during SSb (P < 0.005). Analysis of 24 -h macronutrient consumption showed that protein and hydrolyzable carbohydrate intake increased during SSb, whereas lipid intake remained constant over both self-selection phases (P < 0.001). These data indicate for perhaps the first time that horses can respond to dietary macronutrient content and that single presentations during choice studies facilitates expression of dietary preferences

Un monestir a la cruïlla. Els inventaris de sagristia del monestir de Sant Antoni i Santa Clara de Barcelona (1389-1461)

The Monastery of Santa Clara and San Antonio in Barcelona was the first community of the Order of St. Clare in Catalonia. The present article reveals the wealth of its sacristy inventories as first-class historical sources. The study illustrates the special characteristics of the series of documents in the monastery’s archives: its authorship (by female sacristans) as well as the main types of items inventoried and described (liturgical clothing and ornaments, jewelry, works of art, books ...). The ensemble provides a rich perspective on female monastic culture with regard to its involvement in liturgy, sacred imagery and written culture. One of the outstanding results is an appreciation of the careful and detailed functional design applied by the community of nuns to each item, to keep track of time and the liturgical calendar, as well as to manage and live their relationship with the outside world.[ca] En el present article es posa al descobert la riquesa com a font històrica de primer ordre dels inventaris de sagristia del monestir de Sant Antoni i Santa Clara de Barcelona, primera comunitat de l’orde de Santa Clara en terres catalanes. L’estudi ens acosta a les particularitats d’aquesta sèrie documental en el seu fons arxivístic, la seva autoria (el càrrec de sagristana), així com a les principals tipologies de béns inventariats i descrits (parament i vestimenta litúrgica, orfebreria, obres d’art, llibres...). El conjunt permet donar una imatge rica de la cultura monàstica femenina, en l’acompanyament de la litúrgia, en la imatgeria sagrada, en la cultura escrita. Entre els resultats, sobresurt, la concepció funcional, curosa i detallada que la comunitat de germanes féu de cada peça, a l’hora de marcar el temps i el calendari litúrgic, com també a l’hora de gestionar i viure el dins/fora, la relació amb l’exterior

Reference genes for gene expression studies in wheat flag leaves grown under different farming conditions

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Internal control genes with highly uniform expression throughout the experimental conditions are required for accurate gene expression analysis as no universal reference genes exists. In this study, the expression stability of 24 candidate genes from <it>Triticum aestivum </it>cv. Cubus flag leaves grown under organic and conventional farming systems was evaluated in two locations in order to select suitable genes that can be used for normalization of real-time quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) reactions. The genes were selected among the most common used reference genes as well as genes encoding proteins involved in several metabolic pathways.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>Individual genes displayed different expression rates across all samples assayed. Applying geNorm, a set of three potential reference genes were suitable for normalization of RT-qPCR reactions in winter wheat flag leaves cv. Cubus: <it>TaFNRII </it>(ferredoxin-NADP(H) oxidoreductase; AJ457980.1), <it>ACT2 </it>(actin 2; TC234027), and <it>rrn26 </it>(a putative homologue to RNA 26S gene; AL827977.1). In addition of these three genes that were also top-ranked by NormFinder, two extra genes: <it>CYP18-2 </it>(Cyclophilin A, AY456122.1) and <it>TaWIN1 </it>(14-3-3 like protein, AB042193) were most consistently stably expressed.</p> <p>Furthermore, we showed that <it>TaFNRII, ACT2</it>, and <it>CYP18-2 </it>are suitable for gene expression normalization in other two winter wheat varieties (Tommi and Centenaire) grown under three treatments (organic, conventional and no nitrogen) and a different environment than the one tested with cv. Cubus.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study provides a new set of reference genes which should improve the accuracy of gene expression analyses when using wheat flag leaves as those related to the improvement of nitrogen use efficiency for cereal production.</p

Características físico-químicas e sensoriais da carne de cordeiros terminados com dietas contendo cana-de-açúcar ou silagem de milho e dois níveis de concentrado

Com o objetivo de avaliar as características físico-químicas e sensoriais da carne de cordeiros terminados em confinamento com dietas contendo cana-de-açúcar ou silagem de milho em duas relações volumoso:concentrado, 60:40 ou 40:60, utilizaram-se 32 cordeiros Ile de France, não-castrados, com 15 kg de peso corporal. Os animais foram confinados em baias individuais e abatidos aos 32 kg. As dietas e os músculos estudados não influenciaram o pH aos 45 minutos (6,56) e 24 horas (5,62) após o abate nem a capacidade de retenção de água (58,38%) e a perda de peso por cocção (34,04%). A cor da carne e da gordura subcutânea não diferiu entre as dietas, entretanto a cor da carne variou entre os músculos longissimus lumborum e triceps brachii. A força de cisalhamento (1,85 kgf/cm²) não foi afetada pelas dietas, porém diferiu entre os músculos, com valores de 1,41 e 2,28 kgf/cm² para o longissimus lumborum e triceps brachii, respectivamente. Nas análises sensoriais do lombo e da paleta, foram obtidas para os cordeiros alimentados com cana-de-açúcar e maior quantidade de concentrado as maiores notas para sabor (8,07 e 8,26), textura (8,53 e 8,53), preferência (8,20 e 8,46) e aceitação (8,33 e 8,26), respectivamente. A cana-de-açúcar na alimentação de cordeiros em confinamento manteve a qualidade físicoquímica da carne, podendo ser utilizada nesta fase de produção e, quando associada a maior quantidade de concentrado na dieta, melhora a qualidade sensorial da carne de cordeiros.With the objective of evaluating physic-chemical and sensorial characteristics of meat from lambs finished in feedlot with diets containing sugar cane or corn silage at two roughage:concentrate ratios, 60:40 or 40:60, 32 non-castrated Ile de France lambs, with 15 kg body weight were used. Animals were confined in individual stalls and were slaughtered at 32 kg body weight. Studied diets and muscles did not affect pH at 45 minutes (6.56) and 24 hours (5.62) after slaughter, water holding capacity (58.38%) or cooking losses (34.04%). Meat color and subcutaneous fat color did not differ between diets, but meat color varied for the muscles longissimus lumborum and triceps brachii. Shear force (1.85 kgf/cm²) was not affected by diets, but it was different between muscles, with values 1.41 and 2.28 kgf/cm² for the longissimus lumborum and triceps brachii, respectively. At sensorial analysis of ovine loin and shoulder, the lambs fed sugar cane and higher quantity of concentrate had higher scores for flavor (8.07 and 8.26), texture (8.53 and 8.53), preference (8.20 and 8.46) and acceptance (8.33 and 8.26), respectively. In the diet for feedlot lambs, sugar cane maintained the physic-chemical quality of the meat, so it can be used in this production phase. When associated to higher quantity of concentrate in the diet, sugar cane improves the sensorial quality of lamb meat