NANOSCIENCE IN DIAGNOSTICS: A SHORT REVIEW

Nanoscience is at the leading edge of the rapidly developing field of nanotechnology. Nanosciences and nanotechnology are transforming a wide array of products and services that have the potential to enhance the practice of medicine and improve public health. Several areas of medical care are already benefiting from the advantages that nanotechnology can offer. Applications of nanoscience are in biotechnology, medicine, pharmaceuticals, physics, material science and also electronics. Nanotechnology extends the limits of molecular diagnostics to the nanoscale. Nanotechnology on a chip is one more dimension of microfluidic/lab on a chip technology. We still suffer serious and complex illnesses like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes as well as different kinds of serious inflammatory or infectious diseases (e.g. HIV). It is of extreme importance to face these diseases with appropriate means. The interplay between nanoscience and biomedicine is the hallmark of current scientific research worldwide. The use of nanoscience may open new vistas of improving the effectiveness and efficiency of medical diagnosis and therapeutics, so called nanomedicine. An appealing example is the use of quantum dots as fluorescent labels. Despite recent progress in the treatment of cancer, the majority of cases are still diagnosed only after tumors metastasize, leaving the patient with a grim prognosis. Nanotechnology is in a unique position to transform cancer diagnostics and to produce a new generation of biosensors and medical imaging techniques with higher sensitivity and precision of recognition. Novel nanotechnologies can complement and augment existing genomic and proteomic techniques employed to analyze variations across different tumor types, thus offering the potential to distinguish between normal and malignant cells. This brief review tries to reiterate the most contemporary developments in the field of applied nanoscience, particularly in their relevance in diagnosis of various diseases and discuss their future prospects

Pharmacogenetic Variation Of CYP2C19 Affecting The Efficacy Of Anti-Platelet Therapy

Antiplatelet drugs used to treat and prevent platelet aggregation in conditions like stroke and cardiovascular events. Pharmacogenetics plays a vital role in affecting the treatment outcome due to its variation. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes especially, CYP2C19 play in the metabolism of a variety of medications, including clopidogrel and genetic variation of CYP2C19 may affect clopidogrel metabolism which is a prodrug. Through encouraging a shift in antiplatelet therapy toward customized medicine, it improves the science of pharmacogenetics. More precise and effective patient care in the area of cardiovascular health is possible if doctors are encouraged to consider hereditary traits while prescribing antiplatelet medications.    Keywords: Anti-platelet, pharmacogenetics, CYP450, genetic variation in CYP2C19, clopidogrel, prasugrel and ticagrelo

Arabidopsis defense against Botrytis cinerea : chronology and regulation deciphered by high-resolution temporal transcriptomic analysis

Transcriptional reprogramming forms a major part of a plant’s response to pathogen infection. Many individual components and pathways operating during plant defense have been identified, but our knowledge of how these different components interact is still rudimentary. We generated a high-resolution time series of gene expression profiles from a single Arabidopsis thaliana leaf during infection by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Approximately one-third of the Arabidopsis genome is differentially expressed during the first 48 h after infection, with the majority of changes in gene expression occurring before significant lesion development. We used computational tools to obtain a detailed chronology of the defense response against B. cinerea, highlighting the times at which signaling and metabolic processes change, and identify transcription factor families operating at different times after infection. Motif enrichment and network inference predicted regulatory interactions, and testing of one such prediction identified a role for TGA3 in defense against necrotrophic pathogens. These data provide an unprecedented level of detail about transcriptional changes during a defense response and are suited to systems biology analyses to generate predictive models of the gene regulatory networks mediating the Arabidopsis response to B. cinerea

Thirukalyana Matha Shrine Sebasthiyar Drama Beliefs

Tamil language consists of three categories namely Unit, Music Drama. Drama is known as the queen of arts. The drama is very ancient and unique. Drama is a combination of both Unit, Music and performed as a story. The performing arts are narrative based and include street dance, archery, puppet show, costume dance, drama, and liturgical dance. Today, both the words ‘drama’ and koothu have different meanings. The songs have increased, the prose has improved, and the facilities like stage decoration have decreased is Koothu. The drama is full of facilities like songs, prose, beautiful stage, sound, light etc. Drama was considered as a branch of Koothu. Narrators say that drama is a story-driven speech. Drama is the change and development of Ku in the post 19th century period. Associate teachers were given as theater actors and professors of drama. It can be seen that the names of Koothu are given as Rama Drama Siruthondar drama, Arichandra drama. The development of street play is drama. Koothu are performed in the open air in villages and are performed for the people by folk artists. This can also be considered as rural drama. It can be seen that the drama, which first started as a street play, then turned into a stage play and developed into a literary play, has evolved and progressed and the old traditional folk plays are dying out. A song from natrinai paalai song 9 is mentioned as an example here to prove about mans trust on God due to his need. There is no known reason for the beliefs that have arisen in human life. Man was afraid of the obstacles, diseases and problems he encountered in his life. Hope was born as a result. He started doing many remedies based on faith to solve a problem. After that, he performed many rituals like sacrifices as a way of making amends to God. By doing so he was confident that everything would be fine. Through performances, rituals and ceremonies, the people of the country get what they want by begging or making amends with their faith In God. Thus in this article we can see what are the beliefs of the country people through the play performed in Thirukalyana Matha Shrine

Kommadikkottai Visuvasapuram St. Antony Drama Clothing & Jewelleries

Food and clothing have been one of the most essential needs in human life since the Sangam period till today. This is a fact that no one can deny. During the period when man appeared and began to develop civilization, he tried to cover his body with leaves, vines, plants, tree bark, animal skin, etc. Due to the change of time and development in science and human knowledge, cotton was made into a cotton cloth. It can be seen in Sangam literature that the news of the importation of upper country clothes through sea trade. From kids to adults, body coverings are much loved. Similarly, during the Sangam era, jewellery was also preferred by both men and women. Leaves, flowers, oysters, pearls etc. Worn with the aim of beautification as ornaments are evident in the way of message literature. In the period that followed the boom in metal manufacturing, jewelry was loved by everyone from the king to the common people. Accessories were preferred for beautifying purposes and for the luxurious need to proudly display one’s comfort. In this way, this article examines and explains the news about the costumes and accessories of the characters in the St. Antony Drama performed only during the festival season at the Kommadikottai Visuvasapuram St. Antony church

Mitigating Blind Signature Attacks Using Daily Updated Quotes (DUQ)

No Abstrac

Theory in the short story "Sogavanam"

Damage to the environment affects not only humans, but all living beings. People get tensed when something harms their beloved and the same people don’t get tensed when birds and animals are affected. Knowingly or unknowingly, animals and birds play an important role in human living environment. A wise man knowingly destroys nature. S. Tharman's short story “Sogavanam” shows that the birds that nest in trees and stay in tree trunks and roam around happily are greatly affected by the urbanization. He has created a sad forest with his writings and mentioned about the noisy environment due to the increase in traffic and the change in the food styles of the birds. The story travels along with the ecological aspects of conservation and non-pollution of ecological factors. This article examines how ecological principles fit into narrative events and how the future society should maintain ecological factors

Role of prophylactic subcutaneous drain in obese patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery in CMCH: A cohort study

INTRODUCTION: We are concerned about the wound healing in post operative patients, since wound complications will increase the morbidity of patient. Wound management is a basic practice in surgery, especially after an elective abdominal surgery. Our task after surgery is to avoid and thereby to reduce the adverse effects of wound complications such as hematoma,seroma and surgical site infection. The rationale for the use of subcutaneous drain is based on the principle that removal of the collecting serum or debris and elimination of dead space in subcutaneous plane will result in lower rate of infection and wound complications. Only a few studies are available in the literature regarding the role of subcutaneous drain in the prevention of local wound complications and majority of these studies were done in female patients who undergoes gynaecological or breast surgeries, with controversial results. Many elective abdominal surgeries are routinely performed in general surgical units of our institution and a subcutaneous collection in such patients increases the morbidity. OBJECTIVES The main objective of our study is to determine whether subcutaneous drain can reduce the post operative wound complications in obese patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery in the Department of General Surgery at Coimbatore Medical College Hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with BMI of more than 3cm, Patients with subcutaneous fat thickness of more than 3 cms, Patients undergoing elective abdominal surgeries and Patients of either sex with age of between 20-60 years are included in our study. Patients with sepsis and spillage, Patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery, Patients undergoing revision surgeries and Patients with associated comorbidities are excluded from our study. It is a prospective open comparative study carried over a period of one year. Patients were randomized before surgery and divided into two groups by systemic random sampling. Total sample size 150 with 75 in each group. All patients will receive same preparations. 1. Enema in morning of day of surgery. 2. Patients should take shower1day before surgery and body hair removal. 3. Surgical field disinfected by use of povidone iodine. 4. Injection cefotaxime 1g i.v just before skin incision. 5. Skin incision made with scalpel. 6. Subcutaneous fat dissected with electrocautery. 7. Surgical instruments to be exchanged just before muscle Closure. 8. Wound irrigated with saline just before skin closure. 9. Subcutaneous layer closed with chromic catgut. 10. Only closed tube drain is preferred since corrugated drain itself can predispose infections. 11. Subcutaneous drain placed along the entire length of subcutaneous tissue. 12. Exit of the drain should be separated from the main wound. 13. Drain is removed when the output is less than 30 ml/day for 2days. 14. Daily sterile dressing done in the post operative period. 15. The contents in the drain is measured daily and drain is emptied daily. 16. The outcome is measured with the following parameters such as seroma, hematoma, pain and surgical site infection and duration of hospital stay. Surgical site infection is identified with drainage of frank pus from the wound with or without clinical features of infection. Culture may be positive or negative. 17. All the patients are discharged only after the subcutaneous drain is removed. Any surgery in obese individuals will have complications whether done electively or emergency. These include seroma, hematoma, wound dehiscence and surgical site infections. These complications will prolong the hospital stay of the patient and cause economic burden to the patient. Local wound complications occur more frequently in obese individuals because of the increased subcutaneous fat thickness in these patients. So after skin incision with scalpel, during the dissection of subcutaneous plane, the use of diathermy to arrest bleeding points in subcutaneous plane will all lead to the subcutaneous fat lysis and seroma formation. Any bleeding point in subcutaneous plane not arrested properly could lead to hematoma formation in wound. These collections in the wound act as a nidus for infection. These complications will lead to wound failure or dehiscence. Wound dehiscence cannot be sutured secondarily because of persisting wound infection and also discharging seroma or hematoma. They have to be treated daily with cleaning and dressing, intravenous antibiotics according to culture and sensitivity reports. All the collections underneath the wound has to be let out. If seroma or hematoma not drained adequately, it could lead to secondary infection. Because of these complications, hospital stay of patients prolonged and also mobilization of patients also delayed. There will be no time for these patients to undergo weight loss program. Many methods have been developed to reduce the local wound complications. Subcutaneous suction drains help to let out the seroma, hematoma and any purulent discharge. This reduces the chance of wound dehiscence. Obese individuals with body mass index more than 32 kg/m2 are included. BMI is measured with quetelet index. subcutaneous fat thickness of more than 3 cm undergoing elective laparotomy were included. In our study we measured the subcutaneous fat thickness with ultrasound, and subcutaneous fat thickness is measured in the midline of the abdomen 1cm caudal to umbilicus. Subcutaneous tube drains kept in seventy five patients. The drain is removed when the output is less than 30 ml/day for 2 days. Another seventy five patients without subcutaneous drains were compared for the occurrence of local wound complications such as seroma, hematoma, wound dehiscence and surgical site infections, pain and length of hospital stay. The study group consists of 150 patients. Total male patients in the study group is 86 and the female patients is 64. The mean age group of the patients included in the study is around 40 years. Mean body mass index of the study group is 34.40 kg/m2. Mean subcutaneous fat thickness of the obese patients included in the study is 3.68cm. Wound complications observed in 6 patients with subcutaneous drain which forms 8% of the total patients with subcutaneous drain. Wound complications observed in 25 patients without subcutaneous drain which forms 33.3% of the total patients without subcutaneous drain. Thus the incidence of wound complication is low in those with subcutaneous drain than those without drain. In our study Seroma occurred in 14 patients in whom the subcutaneous drain was not kept which represents 18.7% of those without subcutaneous drain. Seroma evacuated in all 14 by removing one or two sutures and applying pressure dressing over it. Thus the development of seroma is more with the patients without subcutaneous drain when compared to those with subcutaneous drain. In our study Hematoma occurred in 5 patients in whom the subcutaneous drain was not kept , which represents 6.7% of those without subcutaneous drain. Hematoma is evacuated under local anaesthesia with sterile aseptic precautions and daily dressing done. Thus the occurrence of hematoma is more in patients without subcutaneous drain than compared to those with drain. In our study 15 patients developed pain. Pain at the wound site occurred in 4 patients with subcutaneous drain representing 5.3% of those with drain. And pain occurred in 11 patients without subcutaneous drain representing 14.7% of those without drain. All the 15 patients are treated with analgesics .It is found that subcutaneous drain has no impact in development of pain. In our study It is considered that patients who presents with pus discharge (culture positive or culture negative),who presents with clinical features of infection comes under surgical site infection. 13 patients developed SSI. It is found to be superficial SSI in all 13.Surgical site infections occurred in 2 patients with subcutaneous drain which represents 2.7% of those with drain. And surgical site infections occurred in 11 patients without subcutaneous drain which represents 14.7% of those without drain. Intervention is done in all the 13 patients. Antibiotics are started according to culture & sensitivity and wound cleaning and dressing done three times a day. Among the 13 patients 2 patients developed wound gaping for which wound debridement and secondary suturing done. Thus the incidence of SSI is more in those without subcutaneous drain than those with subcutaneous drain. Thus seroma and hematoma occurred only in patients without subcutaneous drain. Pain at the wound site is seen in patients with subcutaneous site also. Surgical site infections occurred in less number of patients with subcutaneous drain. Intervention needed for 25 patients without subcutaneous drains which forms 33.3% of the group without drain. Intervention needed only for 4 patients with subcutaneous drain which forms 5.3% of the group. Thus intervention is done in more number of patients without subcutaneous drain than those with subcutaneous drain. Mean stay of the patients with subcutaneous drain is low(5 days) when compared with the mean stay of 8.6 days for the group of patients without subcutaneous drain. CONCLUSION: In our study it is concluded that Obese patients undergoing elective laparotomy suffer from local wound complications such as seroma, hematoma, pain at the wound site, wound dehiscence and surgical site infections. These will lead to increased morbidity for the obese patients and prolonged hospital stay. These complications can be reduced with the use of subcutaneous drain to let out the collections in the wound. In our study we found that obese patients undergoing elective laparotomy with subcutaneous drains had no seroma, no hematoma and lesser incidence of surgical site infections. Thus placement of a subcutaneous drain in obese individuals with increased subcutaneous fat thickness helps in reducing the local wound complications and reducing the hospital stay of the patients and also aids in faster recovery