Uji Daya Hambat Aspergillus Niger Pada Berbagai Bahan Pembawa Terhadap Phytopththora Palmivora Penyebab Busuk Buah Kakao (Theobroma Cacao L.)

Cocoa pod disease (BBK) caused by the fungus Phytophthora palmivora is one of the prime diseases that can affect cocoa production systems in the world . This disease can cause yield losses of up to 90 % , especially in the rainy season and the dry season. The objective of the research is to determine theinhibitor abilityof fungus A. Niger in various carriesr and storage time durationonPhytophtora palmivora causing rotten disease of cocoa. This is an experimental research designed by using Random Complete Design with factorial patern, that were carries and storage period with 3 replication, factor 1: (P0 = control), (P1 = white glutinous rice flour + cassava starch), (P2 = cassava starch). (P3 = white glutinous rice flour + sweet corn flour), (P4 = white glutinous rice flour), (P5 = ripe coconut flour). Factor 2: (A1 = 1 week storage period), (A2 = 2 weeks storage period), (A3 = 3 weeks storage period), (A4 = 4 weeks storage period). Result of the research showed that the carrier of white glutinous rice flour + sweet corn flour (P3) and ripe coconut flour (P5) and in A3 storage period (3 weeks) is more effective to inhibiting P.palmivora growth, therefore can be used as a carrier to support A.Niger fungus growth

Efektivitas Ekstrak Daun Mimba (Azadirachta Indica a. Juss) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Koloni Alternaria Porri Penyebab Penyakit Bercak Ungu Pada Bawang Wakegi (Allium X Wakegi Araki) Secara in Vitro

Purple blotch disease ( A. porri ) is to known as a main disease on onions it has becomes and has become endemic in central planting and it creates a lot of financial lose to farmer. Using neem leaf as a potential alternative pesticide can control the purple blotch on onion. The aim of this research was to determine the inhibition of neem leaf extract toward of fungal pathogens A. porri. This research was conducted in Laboratory of Plant Diseases Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University Central Sulawesi Palu. This research was conducted on August until November 2015. Method of this research was mixing neem leaf extract concentrate of 0.4% , 0.6% , 0,8% and 1% into the PDA. Results of this research show that neem leaf extract which is concentrate 1% more effective to press the inhibitory growth of A. porri was 43.33%

Uji Daya Hambat Aspergillus Niger Pada Berbagai Bahan Pembawa Terhadap Phytopththora Palmivora Penyebab Busuk Buah Kakao (Theobroma Cacao L.)

Cocoa pod disease (BBK) caused by the fungus Phytophthora palmivora is one of the prime diseases that can affect cocoa production systems in the world . This disease can cause yield losses of up to 90% , especially in the rainy season and the dry season. Objective of the research is to determine the ability of inhibitory fungus A. Niger in various carriesr and storage time against Phytophtora palmivora cause rotten disease of cocoa. Result of the research is to control the disease in cacao plants. This is an experimental research designed by using Random Complete Design with 2 factorials, carries and storage period with 3 remedials, factor 1: (P0 = control), (P1 = white glutinous rice flour + cassava starch), (P2 = Cassava starch), (P3 = white glutinous rice flour + sweet corn flour), (P4 = white glutinous rice flour), (P5 = ripe coconut flour). Factor 2: (A1 = 1 week storage period), (A2 = 2 weeks storage period), (A3 = 3 weeks storage period), (A4 = 4 weeks storage period). Result of the research proved that the carrier of white glutinous rice flour + sweet corn flour (P3) and ripe coconut flour (P5) and in A3 storage period (week-3) is more effective to inhibiting P. palmivora growth, therefore can be used as a carrier to support A. Niger fungus growth

Analisis Kandungan Logam Berat Timbal (Pb), Kadmium (Cd) Dan Merkuri (Hg) Dalam Cumi-cumi (Loligo SP.) Yang Diperoleh Dari Tpi Tambak Lorok Semarang

The research about analysis of heavy metal lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) in Octopuses (Loligo sp.) obtained from TPI Tambak Lorok Semarang has been carried out. This research was intended to identify heavy metals accumulating in octopuses (Loligo sp). The objects studied in this research were octopuses obtained from Tambak Lorok marketplace in Semarang. The sample for this research was taken by simple random sampling at three different points of locations. The locations 1, 2 and 3 were located each from the west, the north and the east, respectively, from the port. The contents of lead, cadmium and mercury in the octopuses' bodies were measured using SSA (Atom-Absorption Spectrophotometer). The obtained data were then tested using One-way anava. The differences in metal contents were analyzed using Scheffe's tests and then compared with the basic quality standard stipulated in the Decision Number 03725/B/SK/VII/1989 by the POM Directorate General The study based on the three different points of locations showed the following results. The average lead contents in the octopuses obtained from the points of locations 1, 2 and 3 were 0.29 mg/kg, 0.24 mg/kg and 0.25 mg/kg respectively. The average cadmium contents in the octopuses obtained from the points of locations 1, 2 and 3 were 0.04 mg/kg, 0.05 mg/kg and 0.06 mg/kg respectively. The average mercury contents in the octopuses obtained from the points of locations 1, 2 and 3 were 0.06 mg/kg, 0.07 mg/kg and 0.07 mg/kg respectively The lead, cadmium and mercury contents in the octopuses obtained from the three locations had not exceeded upper limit stipulated in the Decision Number 03725/B/SK/VII/1989 by the POM Directorate General. Based on the One-way ANOVA statistical tests on the lead contents, there was no significant difference among the three samples, but the statistical tests on the cadmium and mercury contents showed a significant difference among the three different points of locations relating to these heavy metal contents in the octopuse

Penentuan Senyawa Phorbol Ester pada Biji Jarak Merah (Jatropha Gossypifolia L) dan Bioaktifitas terhadap Keong Oncomelania Hupensis Lindoensis di Napu, Kabupaten Poso, Sulawesi Tengah

Schistosomiasis is still a health problem in endemic area of Napu, Poso, Central Sulawesi. Snail Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis, the intermediate host of schistosomiasis, is commonly found in the Napu region. Snail control was done by spraying molluscicides, but it affected the environment. The use of red seed extracts of Jatropha gossypifolia were expected to more safe to the environment. This study aimed to determine the phorbol esters contained in red Jatropha seeds and its bioactivites against Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis. The research was conducted on March-December 2013. The extraction and characterization of phorbol esters in J.gossypifolia L seeds were conducted in Centre of Biomedical and Health Basic Technology. The trial examination on snail was tested in the laboratory of Schistosomiasis Napu. The HPLC analysis showed phorbol esters contained in J.gossypifolia L seed extract was 0,601 mg PE/g extract. Phorbol esters found in J.gossypifolia L seed extract was Phorbol-12-myristat-13-asetat, with the retention time 25,152 minutes. The bioactivity test on snails showed LC 50 value was 50,98 ppmPE and 80,19 ppm PE for LC 95. The result showed that phorbol esters concentration in J.gossypifolia L seed extract was too low and it is not effective to be produced in large scale.Keywords : Schistosomiasis, Jatropha gossypifolia, phorbol esters, Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis snailsAbstrakSchistosomiasis masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di daerah endemis Napu, Kabupaten Poso, Sulawesi Tengah. Keong Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis, perantara schistosomiasis ditemukan di Napu. Upayapemberantasan yang dilakukan selama ini adalah penyemprotan dengan moluskisida kimia, akan tetapi memiliki efek terhadap lingkungan. Penggunaan tanaman bermoluskisida diharapkan lebih murah dan lebihramah lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kandungan senyawa phorbol esters dalam biji jarak merah dan bioaktivitasnya terhadap keong perantara schistosomiasis, O.h lindoensis. Penelitiandilakukan pada bulan Maret-Desember 2013. Proses ekstraksi dan karakterisasi phorbol esters dalam biji jarak merah dilakukan di Laboratorium Farmasi, Pusat Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan Badan Litbang kesehatan. Pengujian terhadap keong dilakukan di Laboratorium Schistosomiasis Napu. Analisis HPLC menunjukkan kadar phorbol esters dalam ekstrak biji jarak merah adalah sebesar 0,601 mg PE/g minyak. Jenis phorbol esters (PE) dalam ekstrak biji jarak merah adalah dari jenis PMA (Phorbol-12- myristat-13-asetat). PE muncul pada Retention Time menit ke 25,152. Hasil pengujian phorbol estersdalam ekstrak biji jarak merah terhadap keong O.h lindoensis diperoleh nilai LC50 sebesar 50,98 ppm PE dan LC 95 sebesar 80,19 ppm PE. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar phorbol esters dalam ekstrak bijijarak merah terlalu kecil sehingga tidak efektif apabila diproduksi dalam skala besarKata kunci : Schistosomiasis, Jatropha gossypifolia, phorbol esters, keong Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis

Filariasis dan Beberapa Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Penularannya di Desa Pangku-tolole, Kecamatan Ampibabo, Kabupaten Parigi-moutong, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah

Sejak dilakukannya survey darah jari filariasis pada tahun 2004, Desa Pangku-Tolole telah ditetapkan sebagaidesa endemis filariasis. Namun demikian, sejak diketahui sebagai daerah endemis sampai kegiatan penelitianini dilakukan, informasi mengenai aspek penentu penularan filariasis dalam hubungannya dengan parasit,vektor dan manusia di wilayah tersebut masih sangat terbatas. Studi ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui angkaprevalensi mikrofilaria penduduk pada saat penelitian dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadianfilariasis di desa tersebut. Penelitian ini termasuk dalam jenis observasional dengan rancangan crosssectional study, karena pengukuran faktor risiko dan efek diukur dalam waktu yang bersamaan. Kegiatanyang dilakukan meliputi pengambilan darah jari penderita filariasis dan wawancara pengetahuan, sikapdan perilaku masyarakat di daerah tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 207 warga dari total 700penduduk yang diambil darahnya, sebanyak 28 warga diantaranya (13,53%) positif terinfeksi Brugia malayi.Hasil tersebut menggambarkan bahwa Desa Pangku-Tolole merupakan desa endemis tinggi filariasis. Faktorfaktor individu menunjukkan hubungan dengan kejadian filariasis. Hasil analisis juga menunjukkan adanyaperbedaan signifikan antara warga yang menggunakan kelambu dan obat nyamuk bakar dalam hubungannyadengan infeksi filariasis (r=0,199; p=0,038). Pengetahuan, sikap masyarakat mengenai perlindungan diriterhadap infeksi filariasis dalam hubungannya perilaku masyarakat tidak menunjukkan adanya hubunganyang signifikan (r=0,231; p=0,585). Kebiasaan menginap di kebun yang dilakukan oleh 38,75% respondennampaknya tidak menunjukkan hubungan terhadap kejadian filariasis. Namun berbeda dengan perilakuyang sering dilakukan oleh 63,75% responden pada malam hari, yaitu mencari hiburan pada hampir setiapmalam di luar rumah, yang menunjukkan bahwa perilaku tersebut signifikan berhubungan dengan kejadianfilariasis(r=0,208; p=0,033).Kata Kunci : Filariasis, Faktor penularan, Desa Pangku-tolol

Gambaran Pengetahuan Wanita Usia Subur Tentang Toxoplasmosis Di Kota Palu

Toxoplasmosis disebabkan oleh Toxoplasma gondii, yang sangat berbahaya khususnya pada wanita usia subur (termasuk wanita hamil), karena dapat mengakibatkan abortus spontan, partus prematures, kematian janin dalam kandungan, ataupun melahirkan bayi dengan Toxoplasma congenital. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dari bulan Maret - Oktober 2012 dengan tujuan menggambarkan pengetahuan wanita usia subur tentang toxoplasmosis di Kota Palu, dengan desain studi cross sectional. Total sampel sebanyak 396 yang berasal dari delapan puskesmas di Kota Palu. Wawancara dengan kuesioner dilakukan untuk mendapatkan data yang kemudian dianalisis. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa hanya 94 (23,7%) wanita yang tahu atau pernah mendengar tentang toxoplasmosis, 34 (34,7%) tidak mengetahui cara penularan, 17 (17,3%) tidak tahu cara pencegahan, dan 7 (7,1%) tidak mengetahui binatang yang dapat menularkan toxoplasmosis. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan wanita usia subur di Kota Palu tentang Toxoplasmosis masih sangat rendah. Oleh karena itu, sangat penting untuk menyebarkan informasi tentang toxoplasmosis kepada masyarakat khususnya wanita usia subur, agar masyarakat dapat meningkatkan tindakan untuk mencegah toxoplasmosis

Individual Rights, Economic Transactions, and Recognition: A Legal Approach to Social Economics

Modernity brought the idea of individual property rights as a com- plex phenomenon. However, economics adopted a simplistic view of property as a fundamental institution, understating the complex interaction of different rights and obligations that frame the legal environment of economic processes with an insufficiently elaborated tool. Here, a more elaborate view of legal elements will be propose

A case report in cardiovascular magnetic resonance: the contrast agent matters in amyloid

BACKGROUND: Cardiac amyloidosis is a progressive but underdiagnosed and underappreciated cause of heart failure. In the last few years, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has become the gold standard for non invasive diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis with the characteristic subendocardial late gadolinium enhancement. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe a case of a patient who, in the process of aligning protocols for a trial between different centers, had a paired study with two different contrast agents, Dotarem® and MultiHance®. MultiHance® surprisingly failed to demonstrate the characteristic imaging pattern, showing only non specific late gadolinium enhancement at the inferior right ventricular insertion point and different myocardial extracellular volume fraction compared to the one obtained with Dotarem®. MultiHance® is used by many centres, because its partial blood protein binding is a strength for MR angiography, but late gadolinium enhancement, particularly non-ischemic, appears to be compromised. CONCLUSIONS: This case report suggests that contrast agents should be selected with caution, especially with new therapies lining up for amyloid and CMR being used as exploratory end point in clinical trials