Functional Level During the First Year After Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Course and Predictors of Outcome

Background: The objective of this study was to describe the functional level during the first year after moderate and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), and to evaluate the predictive impact of pre-injury and injury-related factors. Methods: A cohort of 65 patients with moderate (N = 21) or severe (N = 44) TBI were examined with FIM (Functional Independence Measure) at admission and discharge from the rehabilitation clinic (on average two months after injury) and at 12 months, and with GOSE (Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended) at 12 months after injury. Possible predictors were analyzed in a regression model using FIM total score at 12 months as outcome. Results: All mean FIM scores improved significantly from injury to discharge from sub-acute rehabilitation. In the later period from discharge to 12 months after injury, the mean FIM motor score improved in severe TBI but not in moderate TBI patients. The mean FIM cognitive scores did not improve in any of the groups. At 12 months, 95% with moderate TBI had a FIM score from 109 - 126 (functionally independent) compared to 74% with severe TBI. Functional global outcome as assessed by GOSE was “good recovery” in 52% with moderate TBI versus 33% in severe TBI, “moderate disability” in 33% with moderate TBI versus 31% in severe TBI, and “severe disability” in 14% with moderate TBI versus 36% in severe TBI. Predictors such as PTA duration (B = -0.209), GCS admission rehabilitation (B = 5.058) and LOS rehabilitation (B = 0.458) explained 47% of the FIM variance 12 months post injury. Conclusions: The greatest improvement after moderate and severe TBI was in the sub-acute phase during the stay in a specialized rehabilitation unit. Residual disability was reported in 47% of moderate TBI patients as measured by GOSE at 12 months post injury indicating the importance of post-acute rehabilitation for these patients. Longer stays at the rehabilitation unit, a short PTA period and a high GCS score at admission to rehabilitation were positive predictors of functional level (FIM) at 12 months follow-up demonstrating that these factors are common predictors of early and late TBI phases

Incidence of Hospital-Admitted Severe Traumatic Brain Injury and In-Hospital Fatality in Norway: A National Cohort Study

&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Aims:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; The aims of this study were to assess the incidence of hospital-admitted severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the adult population in Norway, and to determine whether there were differences in the epidemiological characteristics of severe TBI between rural and urban regions. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; A prospective population-based study on adults with severe TBI admitted to the Norwegian Trauma Referral Centres during the 2-year period (2009–2010). The electronic patient register was searched weekly for ICD-10 diagnoses of intracranial injuries (S06.0–S06.9) to identify patients. Severe TBI was defined as lowest unsedated Glasgow Coma Scale Score ≤8 during the first 24 h after injury. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; The annual age-adjusted incidence was estimated at 5.2/100,000 in 2009 and 4.1/100,000 in 2010. The highest frequency of hospitalized patients was found among the youngest and the oldest age groups. The most common causes of injury were falls and transport accidents. The highest in-hospital case-fatality rate was found among the oldest patients. There were consistent epidemiological characteristics of severe TBI from both rural and urban regions. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; The incidence of hospital-admitted patients with severe TBI in this national study supports the declining incidence of TBI reported internationally. No major differences were found in epidemiological characteristics between the urban and rural parts of Norway.</jats:p