A Simplified Model of Glycoprotein Production within Cell Culture

Complex biological products, such as those used to treat various forms of cancer, are typically produced by mammalian cells in bioreactors. The most important class of such biological medicines is proteins. These typically bind to sugars (glycans) in a process known as glycosylation, creating glycoproteins, which are more stable and effective medicines. The glycans are large polymers that are formed by a long sequence of enzyme catalysed reactions. This sequence is not always completed, thus leading to a heterogeneous glycoprotein distribution. A better comprehension of this distribution could lead to more efficient production of high quality drugs. To understand how the manufacturing process can affect the extent of glycosylation of protein, a non-linear ODE model of glycoprotein production is developed which describes the bioreactor configuration as well as the protein production and glycosylation reactions within the cell. The entire system evolves eventually to a stable steady state. The earlier evolution is critical however, as the amount of product produced and its quality varies over time. The model is considered as two coupled systems: the bioreactor submodel and the glycosylation submodel. To investigate the early time evolution within the bioreactor submodel, analytical and numerical properties are derived using matched asymptotic expansions and a finite difference scheme for a range of initial conditions. This leads to qualitatively different regimes for aglycosylated protein production, which affect the glycosylation submodel. The discrete glycoprotein distribution is approximated as continuous and written as a first-order PDE, with good agreement between the discrete and continuous models. The PDE is found to admit shocks, but the existence of these shocks is dependent on the early time evolution within the bioreactor submodel and leads to higher levels of glycosylation at early time. This suggests that changing the bioreactor configuration can lead to higher quality product at certain times

Pearl oyster farming and pearl production

Natural pearls were the oldest gems known to mankind. Long before man discovered the diamond and other precious stones, pearls were considered to be the first precious gem. The Vedas of India, the Bible and the Quran make several reference of pearls as objects of adoration and worship. The natural pearls of the Gulf of Mannar and the Persian Gulf enjoyed very good reputation in the world trade from the time immemorial. The Gulf of Mannar pearls are famous throughout the world as 'Orient Pearls'

मानसून के दौरान बुकानीर ऐंचोवी का उपतट प्रवास

कृपया पूरा लेखा पढ

The pearl oysters

An account of the pearl oyster resources with a brief note on biology, collection methods, seed production and conservation and management in the Indian subcontinent is dealt with in this paper. Both in the Gulf of Kutch and the Gulf of Mannar, the population does not show improvement. Conservation and management of this important resource in the light of the present R&D carried out by the CMFRI is discussed. Enhancement of the wild stock through the production of genetically improved seed in the hatchery and ranching them to selected beds and close monitoring of the physico-chemical and biological factors over a period of time is suggested. Farming of oysters on the natural beds can enhance the pearl quality and may form a breeding reserve

Experimental culture of the Indian oyster, Crassostrea madrasensis (Preston) at Ashtamudi lake, Kerala

The edible oyster, Crassostrea Madrasensis, (P reston) occurs attached to hard substrates in the intertidal and subtidal regions of the coastal areas. Oyster meat is a highly esteemed seafood and aquaculture of oysters is widely prevalent and well established in many temperate countri

Pearl production in relation to the graft tissue in the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata (Gould)

This reports the results of study on which region of the mantle gives good quality pearls and also higher production rate. The mantle tissue from 4 areas namely anterior (a),posterior (b), middle (c), and central (d)regions were used. This study showed that the middle region of mantle when used as graft tissue resulted in not only high percentage of pearl formation (50.28%) but also, the marketable pearls (A, B and C - groups) accounted for 77.53% of the total pearls produced

Larval and juvenile rearing of black-lip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera (Linnaeus)

The black-lip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera (Linnaeus), has been cultured in the experimental shellfish hatchery at Tuticorin, India. The flagellates Isochrysis galbana and Pavlova lutheri were used independently as larval food at a concentration of 5 cells/μl up to day 5 and the ration was doubled thereafter until spat setting. The initial larval density was 1/ml. Straighthinge veliger stage (75×60 μm) was reached in 20 h, umbo stage (140×130 μm) on day 12, pediveliger (220×210 μm) on day 20 and plantigrade (260×240 μm) on day 23, and spat of 350×300 μm appeared on day 28. I. galbana promoted faster growth and early spat setting as compared to P. lutheri. The modal component of the larval population showed an average growth of 10.98 μm/day. A total of 6.3% of the initial larval population metamorphosed as spat. Juveniles cultured in the laboratory showed a growth rate of 0.09 mm/day. On transplantation to the culture raft in the farm, growth rate increased to 0.4 mm/day. The juveniles suffered heavy mortality after 4 months. It remains to be tested whether P. margaritifera juveniles would have a greater chance of survival in oceanic island conditions, as the natural distribution of the species in India is confined to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Manual on Pearl Oyster Seed Production, Farming and Pearl Culture

The Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute has developed expertise on various marine fisheries and mariculture technologies over the past several years. Based on this expertise the Institute has been offering regular training courses to officials from State Governments, Universities, ICAR Institutes, Krishi Vigyan Kendras, training institutions, industry and progressive farmers on subjects like marine prawn hatchery, prawn farming, pearl oyster hatchery, pearl oyster culture, pearl culture, edible oyster hatchery, edible oyster farming, seaweed culture and utilisation, SCUBA diving, estimation of marine fish production and stock assessment. The Trainers' Training Centre (TTC) of the CMFRI, Cochin, established in the year 1983, has so far conducted 83 such trainings for 590 personnel from the various maritime states including Pondicherry, Lakshadweep and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Embryonic and early larval development of pearl oyster Pinctada fucata (Gould)

Hatchery production of seed is of great importance in aquaculture, particularly in situations where availability of natural seed is undependable. Besides, the system provides advantages of selective breeding keeping in view the genetic factors. Commercial hatcheries already sustain large-scale production of edible oysters in several countrie

Pearl oyster resources of India

The pearl oysters belong to the genus Pinctada Roding under the family Pteriidae. They enjoy a world wide distribution occurring in almost all the seas of the tropical belt and also in the subtropical region. Six species of pearl oysters occur in the Indian waters viz., Pinctada fucata (Gould), P. margaritifera (Linnaeus), P. chemnitzii (Philippi), P. sugillata (Reeve), P. anomioides (Reeve) and P. atropurpurea (Dunker), of which P. fucata alone has contributed to the pearl fisheries in the Gulf of Mannar and Gulf of Kutch. P. fucata is distributed in the Red Sea, Persian Gulf and the Indian and Pacific Oceans