Development of applied materials science in the Republic of Belarus

В сборнике представлены аналитические материалы и результаты исследований в области материаловедения экспертов из научных, образовательных и инновационных организаций в странах : Азербайджан, Беларусь, Грузия, Молдова, Румыния, Россия, Украина, Южная Африка, Словакия и Чешская Республика

Конкурентоспособности продукции украинских предприятий в условиях глобализации мировой экономики

Дана стаття присвячена висвітленню питання конкурентоспроможності продукції з огляду на все більшу глобалізацію світової економіки. Розглянуто факторіальну оцінку конкурентоспроможності підприємства та запропоновано метод її підрахунку. Визначено методику розрахунку конкурентоспроможності продукції та окреслено головні етапи найбільш дієвого з них – методу відносних показників.This article is about competitiveness, it takes into account the increase in the globalization of the world economy. Here we examined the factorial assessment of the competitiveness of enterprises and offered the method of calculation of competitiveness. We determined the methodology for calculating the competitiveness of products and specify the main stages of the most effective of them – the method of the relative performance.Данная статья освещает вопросы конкурентоспособности продукции с учетом все большей глобализации мировой экономики. Рассмотрена факториальная оценка конкурентоспособности предприятия и предложен метод ее подсчета. Определена методика расчета конкурентоспособности продукции и намечены основные этапы наиболее действенного из них – метода относительных показателей

First experience in off pump coronary artery bypass grafting of anterior descending artery via inferior mini-sternotomy

Spitalul Internaţional “Medpark”, Chişinău, Republica Moldova, Al XII-lea Congres al Asociației Chirurgilor „Nicolae Anestiadi” din Republica Moldova cu participare internațională 23-25 septembrie 2015Introducere: În prezent pontajul coronarian pe o singură arteră reprezintă o raritate. Cardiologia intervenţională rezolvă marea majoritate a cazurilor cu afectarea patului coronarian cu o singură limitare – afectarea ostială a arterei descendente anterioare (ADA). Pentru pontajul coronarian pe cord bătând (CB): artera toracică internă stângă (ATIS) anastomozată cu ADA, este cunoscut abordul toracic miniminvaziv. Acestui abord îi sunt valabile şi unele exigenţe deosebite: set de ustensile adaptate special pentru minitoracotomie, echipă polidisciplinară bine formată şi, desigur, experienţa chirurgului operator. O problemă actuală, pentru perioada postoperatorie, rămâne combaterea durerii postoperatorii. Scopul lucrării a fost implementarea abordului mini-invaziv în operaţiile pe CB. Material şi metode: Pe parcursul ultimilor 5 ani, operaţi pe CB prin sternotomie inferioară au fost 13 pacienţi (5 femei, 8 bărbaţi), vîrsta medie – 59,3 ani. Toţi pacienţii au prezentat o afectare monovasculară severă pe ADA, segmentul I ostial. Stabilizarea cordului și a arterei – efectuată cu ajutorul dispozitivului “Octopus 4”. Anastomoza ATIS-ADA – efectuată cu sutură Prolene 8/0. Rezultate: Perioada postoperatorie complicată cu hemoragie – 1 pacient, menajată conservativ. Durata medie a spitalizării a constituit 4,5 zile. În perioada precoce şi de lunga durată accese anginoase nu s-au înregistrat. Concluzii: Mini-sternotomia inferioară reprezintă un abord optim către ADA, cu expoziţie suficientă pentru prelevarea ATIS. Sindromul algic postoperator este minim, reconvalescenţa fizică este rapidă, amplituda mişcărilor în membre superioare – nelimitată.Introduction: Nowadays, a single artery bypass surgery is a rarity. Interventional cardiology solves most cases of affected coronary arteries, with a single limitation – ostial involvement of anterior descending coronary artery (ADCA). For beating-heart coronary bypass (BHCB): left internal thoracic artery (LITA) anastomosis with anterior descending artery is well known minimally invasive thoracic approach. But for this approach several special requirements should be met: set of tools specially adapted for mini-thoracotomy, well trained multidisciplinary team and the experience of surgeon. A current problem is combating of the postoperative pain. Aim of the study was the implementation of minimally invasive access in BHCB. Material and methods: During the last five years, 13 patients (5 women, 8 men) with mean age – 59.3 years were operated with BHCB. All patients presented a severe single vessel injury of ADCA in I ostial segment. Stabilization of the heart and artery was carried out with the device Octopus 4. The anastomosis between LITA-ADCA was performed with the Prolene 8/0 suture. Results: The postoperative period was complicated with hemorrhage in 1 patient, treated conservatively. The mean duration of hospitalization was 4.5 days. In early and long-term postoperative period relapses of heart angina were not registered. Conclusion: Lower mini-sternotomy is an optimal approach to ADCA, with sufficient exposition for harvesting LITA. Postoperative pain syndrome is minimal, physical recovering is fast, the amplitude of movements in upper limbs is unrestricted

Experience of activity of cardiac surgery service in Medpark international hospital during the years 2011-2015

Spitalul Internaţional Medpark, Chişinău, Republica Moldova, Al XII-lea Congres al Asociației Chirurgilor „Nicolae Anestiadi” din Republica Moldova cu participare internațională 23-25 septembrie 2015Introducere: Practica medicală privată complexă şi multiprofilară în ţara noastră reprezintă o formă de succes în sistemul medical autohton. În ultimii ani aceasta capătă o ascensiune considerabilă, ocupîndu-şi pe drept poziţia de lider pe segmentul calităţii actului medical și al satisfacției pacientului. Spitalul Internaţional Medpark şi-a deschis uşile la finele lunii februarie 2011, iar prima operaţie cardiochirurgicală a avut loc la începutul lunii mai 2011. Scopul lucrării este prezentarea experienţei naţionale de tratament cardiochirurgical complex în primul spital multiprofilar privat din Republica Moldova. Material şi metode: Pe parcursul perioadei mai 2011-iunie 2015, în cadrul Spitalului Internaţional Medpark au fost operaţi 812 pacienţi (423 bărbaţi, 389 femei), vîrsta medie – 60,3 ani. Rezultate: Durata medie a spitalizării a constituit 7,3 zile, dintre care aflarea în mediu a pacienților în sectia de terapie intensivă a fost sub 24 de ore. Timpul de reacţie în intervențiile urgente – sub 1,5 ore. Rata mortalităţii a constituit 1,3%. Concluzii: Medpark este primul spital general privat din Moldova şi unicul spital din zona Europei de Est acreditat JCI. Complexitatea intervenţiilor cardiochirurgicale aici, rămîne a fi una extrem de variată, ceea ce a necesitat o antrenare suplimentară, în regim nonstop, a întregii echipe cardiochirurgicale. Conformarea la criteriile internaţionale de acreditare impun o continuă perfecţionare şi respectare a protocoalelor de tratament. În centrul atenției întregii cardio-echipe din Medpark este sănătatea pacientului.Introduction: The private complex medical practice in our country is a successful shape of local medical system. In recent years it acquires a considerable upswing and rightfully occupies the leading position on the segment of medical service quality and patient satisfaction. Medpark International Hospital has opened its doors at the end of February 2011 and the first cardiac surgery was performed at the beginning of May 2011. The aim of study is presentation of national experience in complex cardiac surgery treatment in first general private hospital from Moldova. Material and methods: During the period from May 2011 to June 2015, in International Hospital Medpark were operated 812 patients (423 men, 389 women), the average age – 60.3 years. Results: The mean duration of hospitalization was 7.3 days and the average duration of patient treatment in Intensive Care Unit was under 24 hours. The reaction time in emergency surgeries – was under 1.5 hours. The mortality rate was about 1.3%. Conclusions: Medpark is the first private general hospital from Moldova and the only one hospital in Eastern Europe JCI accredited. The complexity of cardiac surgery here remains extremely varied, which necessitated an additional entrainment in nonstop regime, of the whole cardiosurgical team. Compliance with the international accreditation criteria requires continuous improvement and enforcement of the treatment protocols. The focus of the entire cardiosurgical team from Medpark is firstly patient's health

Myocardial revascularization on a beating heart

Department of Cardiac Surgery, Republican Hospital, Chisinau, the Republic of MoldovaBackground: Myocardial revascularization on a beating heart in case of the atherosclerotic affection of the coronory arteries. Material and methods: Retrospective analysis of 372 operations (myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation) performed in 2002 October 2013. Results: In our study most patients were extubated within 24 hours. Mechanical ventilation of the lungs for more than 24 hours was required 11 patients (2.9%). Arrhythmias were 63 (17%) patients (atrial fibrillation – 56, atrial flutter – 7), that required additional administration of antiarrhythmic preparations to restore sinus rhythm, but in 11 cases was performed cardioversion. In the early postoperative period died 3 (0.8%) patients: 1 – acute renal failure, 1 – polyorganic failure, 1 – ventricular fibrillation. Conclusion: Off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) challenges the conventionalon-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) as the standardof surgical therapy for coronary disease. Conventional coronary bypass surgery is associated with substantialmorbidity caused by cardiopulmonary bypass. Conventional CABG has been performed with reproducible success, but complications cause significant morbidity and mortality. Some complications may be secondary to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and include neurological dysfunction and a systemic inflammatory response syndrome ending in vital organ damage. Although OPCAB on a beating heart is an attractive alternative to conventional CABG on CPB, it also has drawbacks

Papillary muscle sling as an adjunctive procedure for surgical left ventricular remodeling

IMSP, SCR, departamentul cardiochirurgie, Al XI-lea Congres al Asociației Chirurgilor „Nicolae Anestiadi” din Republica Moldova și cea de-a XXXIII-a Reuniune a Chirurgilor din Moldova „Iacomi-Răzeșu” 27-30 septembrie 2011Introducere: Remodelarea ventriculului stâng folosind metoda de aproximare a muşchilor papilari după tehnica Hvass ar putea crea o posibilitate de îmbunătățire a competenței valvei mitrale. Materiale şi metode: în studiu au fost incluşi 39 de pacienți la care a fost efectuată remodelarea ventriculului stâng după tehnica Hvass şi un caz de aproximare a muşchilor papilari a ventriculului drept. Vârsta medie a pacienților a fost de 54 ± 8 (39 - 66) ani; 35 de bărbați şi 5 femei. 33 de pacienți cu cardiopatie ishemică şi anevrism de ventricul stâng şi 7 pacienți cu valvulopatii de etiologie diversă. Toți pacienții cu insuficiență cardiacă NYHA III-IV, hipertensiune pulmonară (PSAP 50-70 mmHg), insuficiență mitrală gr.II-IV şi dilatarea inelului fibros a valvei mitrale (38-46 mm), distanța dintre muşchii papilari mai mare de 2,5 cm. Pentru aproximarea pilierilor la 31 (77,5%) s-a folosit o bucată de proteză vasculară Gor-Tex 4-0, la 6 (15%) pacienți s-a utilizat un segment din proteză vasculară Dacron şi la 3 (7,5%) pacienți s-a folosit segmente din venă autologă. Rezultate: În toate cazurile fracția de ejecție a crescut de la 39 ± 8% până la 49 ± 5% după intervenția chirurgicală. Volumul diastolic a ventriculului stâng a scăzut de la 254 ± 81 ml până la intervenție la 173 ± 40 ml după intervenție. S-a obținut o regresie a insuficienței valvei mitrale până la gradul I-II şi micşorarea diametrului inelului fibros până la 28,6 mm. După remodelarea ventriculului drept dimensiunea cavității a scăzut de la 40 mm la 28 mm. De asemenea, s-a practicat anuloplastia, care a asigurat competență completă a valvei tricuspide. Concluzii: Aproximarea muşchilor papilari (tehnica Hvass) pentru remodelarea ventricului stâng oferă beneficii prin scăderea volumului diastolic, îmbunătățirea considerabilă a coaptării valvei mitrale şi regresia insuficienței mitrale cu creşterea fracției de ejecție a ventriculului stâng.Introduction: Remodeling of left ventricle using papillary muscle approximation technique could create a possibility of improving mitral valve competence. Methods: We analyzed 40 cases of left ventricular remodeling according to Hvass technique and one case of right ventricle papillary muscle approximation. The average age of patients was 54 ± 8 (39-66) years, 35 men and 5 women. 33 patients had left ventricular aneurism and 7 - valvulopathies of diverse etiology. All the patients had NYHA III-IV, pulmonary hypertension (SPRV 50–70 mmHg), mitral insufficiency (II-IV gr.) and dilated mitral fibrous annulus (38 – 46 mm) and the distance between the papillary muscles more than 2.5 cm.To approximate the papillary muscle 31 (77.5%) had used a piece of Gor-Tex vascular prosthesis 4-0, 6 (15%) patients used a segment of the vascular prosthesis Dacron and 3 (7.5%) patients using autologous vein segments. Results: In all of patients ejection fraction increased from 39 ± 8% till 49 ± 5% after the surgery. Left ventricular diastolic volume decreased from 254 ± 81 ml before the intervention to 173 ± 40 ml after. There was obtained the regression of mitral valve insufficiency up to I – II grade and the decreasing of annulus fibrosis diameter to 28,6 mm. After right ventricular remodeling the cavity size dropped from 40 mm to 28 mm. Also was practiced annuloplasty, which assured complete tricuspid valve competence. Conclusions: Hvass technique with the approximation of papillary muscles for left ventricular remodeling offers benefits by decreasing its diastolic volume, considerable improvement of cooptation and regression of mitral regurgitation with increasing ejection fraction of ventricle

The surgical tratment of ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR)

Al XI-lea Congres al Asociației Chirurgilor „Nicolae Anestiadi” din Republica Moldova și cea de-a XXXIII-a Reuniune a Chirurgilor din Moldova „Iacomi-Răzeșu” 27-30 septembrie 2011IMI ca complicație a bolii coronariene este cauzată de o disfuncție papilar-anulară a VS, fapt determinat în stabilirea tacticii de tratament al acestor patologii. Scopul studiului este studierea mecanismului de dezvoltare a IMI, reevaluarea indicațiilor operatorii, aprecierea eficacității şi durabilității tehnicilor chirurgicale efectuate. Material şi metode: În lotul de studiu au fost incluşi 124 pacienți cu IMI, ca consecință a remodelării VS în urma ischemiei, infarctului miocardic suportat.În toate cazurile a fost efectuată revascularizarea miocardului. Simultan la 85 pacienți au suportat tehnici reconstructive pe valva mitrală, la 38 pacienți cu IMI până la gradul II patologia valvulară a fost neglijată.Rezultate: S-a constatat o strănsă legătură a mecanismului de apariție a IMI de localizarea zonelor de infarct miocardic, gradul de afectare a sfericității VS, prevalența dilatării inelului fibros mitral, deplasarea punctului de coaptare valvulară în urma tensionării muşchilor papilari.By- passul coronarian efectuat izolat nu a contribuit la regresia IMI de gardul II, iar în 25% de cazuri în perioada de lungă durată IMI a progresat, menținând o suprasolicitare de volum al VS.În 56 (69,1%) cazuri a fost aplicată o tehnică inovațională de annuloplastie mitrală cu 3 suturi cu o reducere spectaculoasă a gradului de regurgitare mediu de la 2,7±0,5 preoperator la 1,2±0,1 postoperator, asigurând o mobilitate fiziologică a cuspelor valvulare. În paralel, pentru a înlătura cauzele de manifestare a IMI, pacienții au necesitat rezecția aneurismului de VS în 25 (29,4%) cazuri şi aproximarea muşchilor papilari după HVass în 18 (21,2%) cazuri.Toate aceste proceduri au asigurat o restabilire anatomică şi funcțională a competenței valvulare şi în perioada de lungă durată. Concluzii: IMI poate fi considerată ca un marker al remodelării ventriculare în cardiopatia ischemică, iar neglijarea acestor regurgitații îşi lasă amprenta asupra letalității postoperatorii şi stabilității rezultatelor în perioada de lungă durată.IMR as a complication of ischemic heart disease is caused by the LV papillary-annular dysfunction - determining fact in establishing the further treatment tactics of these pathologies. Purpose: To study the developmental mechanism of IMR, reevaluation of surgical indications, appreciation of efficacy and durability of the surgical techniques. Material and methods: In the study field were included 124 patients with IMR, consequence of LV remodeling after ischemia and myocardial infarction.In all cases myocardial revascularization were performed. Simultaneously 85 patients underwent reconstructive techniques to the mitral valve. Among 38 patients with IMR till grade II, the valve pathology was neglected.Results: We observed a tight relation between mechanism of IMR appearance and myocardial infarction zone localization, LV sphericity affectation grade, prevalence of mitral fibrous ring dilatation and valve coaptation point displacement caused by papillary muscle tensioning. Isolated coronary by-pass did not contributed to regression of II grade IMR, and in 25% of cases during a long period, IMR has progressed, while maintaining the LV volume overload.In 56 (69.1%) of cases was applied an innovative technique for mitral annuloplasty with three sutures with a significant reduction of the average degree of regurgitation from 2.7 ± 0.5 preoperatively to 1.2 ± 0.1 postoperatively and ensuring physiological cusp mobility. In parallel, to remove the causes of the manifestation of IMR, patients required LV aneurysm resection in 25 (29.4%) cases and approximation of papillary muscles by Hvass procedure in 18 (21.2%) cases. All these procedures have provided an anatomical and functional restoration of valve competence in immediate and long-term period. Conclusion: IMR may be regarded as a marker of ventricular remodeling in ischemic heart disease and neglecting such of regurgitation influences upon the postoperative mortality rate and stability during long-term results

Интеграция АЭС в экономику Республики Беларусь. Инфракрасная система АСЛОТУ

Statistical series of economic and energy indicators had been made up according to 2017 data. It consisted of three comparable values: population and specific (capita per inhabitant in the year) gross value added (SGVA) and electricity consumption (SEC) for fifty countries, which SGVA are larger or comparable to Belarus values. Using the correlation analysis the presence of strong, positive, reliable relationship between SGVA and SEC was established. It was found, that for the innovative development of Belarusian economy and accelerated growth of SGVA, the installed electric capacities are necessary to increase by 20–25 %. It is pointed that nuclear energy is the main resource of the fifth technological setup. The solving tasks during atomic stations operation promote development of new technology, emergence and insure advanced production methods in various economy sections. It is offered to create microclimate, required by modern technologies, in working zones of plants and at workplaces in institutions by an automated system ASLOTU – the radiant system of insuring technological conditions, which had been created by Belarusian specialists. The structurer of this infrared system, principles of its calculation and specific functioning algorithm are given. The ASLOTU technical and economic indicators have been determined – cost, service life, labor intensity and frequency of maintenance, costs of fuel consumed, period of covering capital outlays. The marked indicators are the result of processing the operation data of ASLOTU, which were implemented in Belarus for the period 1997 to 2007. They formed the basis of the draft ASLOTU introduction plan until 2035. The main planned indicators are given. The results can be used in other countries in which SGVA is 4.0–15.0 thousand dollars per person and they took course toward innovative development of the economy.Составлен статистический массив из трех сопоставляемых величин: численности населения и удельных (из расчета на душу населения за год) валовой добавленной стоимости (УВДС) и потребления электроэнергии (УПЭ) для 50 стран с УВДС, бóльшим или сравнимым с белорусским. Методами корреляционного анализа установлено наличие сильной положительной достоверной связи между УВДС и УПЭ. Получено, что для инновационного развития экономики Беларуси и ускоренного роста УВДС необходимо увеличить установленные электрические мощности на 20–25 %. Отмечено, что ядерная энергетика является основным ресурсом пятого технологического уклада. Решаемые при эксплуатации АЭС задачи содействуют разработке новой техники, зарождению и внедрению передовых способов производства в различных отраслях экономики. Требуемый современными технологиями микроклимат в рабочих зонах предприятий и на рабочих местах учреждений предложено обеспечивать автоматизированной системой лучистого обеспечения технологических условий – АСЛОТУ, созданной белорусскими специалистами. Приведены структура данной инфракрасной установки, принципы ее расчета и особенности алгоритма функционирования. Определены техникоэкономические показатели АСЛОТУ – стоимость, продолжительность службы, трудоемкость и частота обслуживания, затраты на потребляемое топливо, срок окупаемости вложенных средств на внедрение. Отмеченные показатели получены в результате обработки данных по эксплуатации АСЛОТУ, установленных в Беларуси за период с 1997 по 2007 г. Они легли в основу проекта плана внедрения АСЛОТУ до 2035 г. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы в других странах с УВДС 4,0–15,0 тыс. долл./чел. за год, которые взяли курс на инновационное развитие экономики

ДИНАМИЧЕСКАЯ МОДЕЛЬ СКОРОСТНОЙ ФИЛЬТРАЦИИ ТЕПЛОНОСИТЕЛЯ В СЛОЕ МИКРОТВЭЛОВ

It is shown that mathematical hydrodynamic models of micro fuel beds can’t describe viscous and inertial effects truly. The filtration equations obtained by averaging the equation of viscous fluid motion over an elementary volume and containing the so-called viscous term are valid only for the infinite porous medium. Using these equations and no-slip condition on the impermeable ends of bed leads to discrepancy between estimated and observed data. The constructed rapid coolant filtration model is based on the ideal fluid motion laws with a volume interphase interaction force, which is represented as a divergence of a tensor with potential and vortex components. In this case, the potential component reflects the contribution of the resistance forces to the normal pressure of the coolant and is a “hidden” parameter – the reason for experimental data spread. Using the model, dynamics of the coolant flow at the inlet and outlet of the fuel bed is investigated and the matching conditions for velocity and pressure vector are determined. These conditions make it possible to relate the filtration equation and viscous fluid motion equation on the bed permeable boundaries. Due to dominance of inertia forces at entrance and exit of the bed, the stream is refracted: at the inlet towards the normal to the bed boundary, and at the exit towards the tangent. Accounting for this effect the optimize fuel bed contours in terms of thermal physics and neutron physics will be obtained.Показано, что при математическом моделировании гидродинамики топливного слоя с микротвэлами до сих пор не удалось удовлетворительно описать вязкие и инерционные эффекты. Уравнения фильтрации, получаемые путем усреднения уравнения движения вязкой жидкости по элементарному объему и содержащие так называемый вязкий член, справедливы лишь для бесконечной пористой среды. Использование этих уравнений и условий прилипания на непроницаемых торцах слоя приводит к результатам, зачастую не совпадающим с результатами экспериментов. В основу построенной модели положены законы движения идеальной жидкости с объемной силой межфазного взаимодействия, которая представлена в виде дивергенции тензора с потенциальной и вихревой составляющими. При этом потенциальная составляющая отражает вклад сил сопротивления в нормальное напряжение (давление) теплоносителя и является «скрытым» параметром − причиной разброса экспериментальных данных. Изучена с использованием разработанной модели динамика потока теплоносителя при входе и выходе его из топливного слоя и определены условия сопряжения для вектора скорости и давления. Эти условия обеспечивают сшивку на проницаемых границах слоя уравнений фильтрации и динамики вязкой жидкости. Установлено, что вследствие доминирования сил инерции на входе и выходе из слоя поток преломляется: при входе разворачивается в сторону нормали к границе слоя, а при выходе – в сторону касательной. Учет этого эффекта позволит оптимизировать контуры топливного слоя с точки зрения теплофизики и нейтронной физики.

О РАБОТОСПОСОБНОСТИ РЕАКТОРА С МИКРОТВЭЛАМИ. УСЛОВИЯ АВТОМОДЕЛЬНОСТИ ТЕПЛОСЪЕМА В АКТИВНОЙ ЗОНЕ НА ЧАСТИЧНЫХ НАГРУЗКАХ

Conditions of self-similarity of heat removal relative to the reactor power for bulk active zones have been determined. In this case the thermal stresses of structural elements at partial loads remain unchanged. The power intensity of 10 MW/dm3 and neutron fluxes over 5⋅1016 neutron/(cm2.s) can be achieved in such active zones. This opens a way for creation of compact and mobile nuclear devices of different using. Получены условия автомодельности теплосъема в насыпных активных зонах относительно мощности реактора. При этом термические напряжения конструктивных элементов на частичных нагрузках остаются неизменными. В таких активных зонах могут быть достигнуты энергонапряженность 10 МВт/дм3 и нейтронные потоки свыше 5⋅1016 нейтрон/(см2⋅с), что открывает путь к созданию компактных, мобильных ядерных установок различного целевого назначения.