Reconnaissance mapping from aerial photographs

The author has identified the following significant results. Engineering soil and geology maps were successfully made from Pennsylvania aerial photographs taken at scales from 1:4,800 to 1:60,000. The procedure involved a detailed study of a stereoscopic model while evaluating landform, drainage, erosion, color or gray tones, tone and texture patterns, vegetation, and cultural or land use patterns

The matching law

This article introduces the quantitative analysis of choice behavior by describing a number of equations developed over the years to describe the relation between the allocation of behavior under concurrent schedules of reinforcement and the consequences received for alternative responses. Direct proportionality between rate of responding and rate of reinforcement was observed in early studies, suggesting that behavioral output matched environmental input in a mathematical sense. This relation is termed "strict matching," and the equation that describes it is referred to as "the matching law." Later data showed systematic departures from strict matching, and a generalized version of the matching equation is now used to describe such data. This equation, referred to as "the generalized matching equation," also describes data that follow strict matching. It has become convention to refer to either of these equations as "the matching law." Empirical support for the matching law is briefly summarized, as is the applied and practical significance of matching analyses

Chromosomal locations of twelve isozyme loci in Pisum sativum

Approximate chromosomal locations of 12 loci specifying electrophoretic enzyme variants are described in the garden pea (Pisum sativum L.). The enzyme loci are distributed on five of the seven chromosomes. The position of the loci on chromosomes 2 and 3 are such that most of the known markers on these chromosomes will exhibit linkage with at least one of the isozyme loci. Several of the loci studied code for enzymes that have isozymic counterparts in other compartments of the cell. In order to distinguish among the genes coding these isozymes we have added a suffix to the locus designation corresponding to the intracellular location of its produc

The Penn State ORSER system for processing and analyzing ERTS and other MSS data

The author has identified the following significant results. The office for Remote Sensing of Earth Resources (ORSER) of the Space Science and Engineering Laboratory at the Pennsylvania State University has developed an extensive operational system for processing and analyzing ERTS-1 and similar multispectral data. The ORSER system was developed for use by a wide variety of researchers working in remote sensing. Both photointerpretive techniques and automatic computer processing methods have been developed and used, separately and in a combined approach. A remote Job Entry system permits use of an IBM 370/168 computer from any compatible remote terminal, including equipment tied in by long distance telephone connections. An elementary cost analysis has been prepared for the processing of ERTS data

Investigations of an urban area and its locale using ERTS-1 data supported by U-photography

An urban area in central Pennsylvania and the surrounding locality were investigated separately at first by photointerpretation of ERTS-1 imagery and by computer processing of MSS tapes. Next the photointerpretation and processing were coordinated. The results of the cooperative effort of photointerpreters and computer processing analysts were much improved over independent efforts. It was found that single frames of U-2 photography could be projected onto printer output maps with little recognizable distortion in areas 10 to 25 cm square. In this way targets could be identified for use as training areas for computer processed signature identification. In addition, at any stage of category mapping, the level of success in correct classification could be assessed by this method. The results of the classification of the study area are discussed

An isozyme marker for resistance to bean yellow mosaic virus in Pisum sativum

Linkage between Pgm-p, the locus specifying the plastid specific phosphoglucomutase, and Mo, the locus controlling resistance to bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), was investigated in the garden pea, Pisum sativum L. Both genes are known to be on chromosome 2 and exhibit linkage with two morphological marker loci, K and Wb. Our results indicate that the gene order is: Wb—K—Pgm-p—Mo. A map distance of approximately two recombinant units was determined for the Pgm-p—Mo linkage, suggesting that the enzyme locus can be used as a genetic marker for resistance to BYM

Further genetic analysis and linkage relationships of isozyme loci in the pea: Confirmation of the diploid nature of the genome

Allozyme polymorphism is described and the mode of inheritance determined for 15 loci in Pisum sativum. The approximate position on the pea linkage map is described for 12 of these loci. The remaining three loci formed a single group that assorted independently of morphological markers on each of the seven currently recognized linkage groups. Possible cases of gene duplication are identified in the alcohol dehydrogenase and esterase enzyme systems, but in neither case was polyploidy a likely explanation for the paired loci. Nor did the arrangement of the isozyme loci on the linkage map give any indication that the pea genome is of polyploid derivation. We conclude that the "polymeric” genes that have been described in the pea are probably not homologous pairs and do not reflect a polypiold ancestr

Chromosomal Location of Lectin Genes Indicates They Are Not the Basis of Rhizobium Strain Specificity Mutations Identified in Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

A lectin gene family is located on linkage group 7 in pea. The lectin genes are arranged as a cluster, with no recombination observed within the multigene family. A lectinlike cDNA clone, pEA207, and eight DNA fragments generated by random priming also were mapped in the region of the lectin genes. None of the known pea mutants altering Rhizobium leguminosarum strain specificity map to this region of the genome, and therefore their altered specificities appear not to be directly produced by mutations in the lectin gene

Non-nodulating Mutants of Pisum Sativum (L.) cv. Sparkle

Eleven pea mutants, displaying a greatly reduced number of root nodules or lacking such nodules completely, were obtained by screening the M2 progeny of mutagenized Pisum sativum cv. Sparkle. The mutant alleles conditioning the altered nodulation phenotypes were recessive to the wild-type alleles. Eight of the mutants possessed a normal growth habit except for the complete lack of nodules. Pairwise crosses among these mutants indicated that five distinct loci had been affected. The remaining three mutants formed few nodules and also had altered root or shoot growth habit. Each of these plejotropic mutants was coded by a distinct gene. The eight genes identified are designated sym7, sym8, sym9, sym10, sym11, sym15, sym16, and sym17, signifying their involvement in the pea/Rhizobium symbiosis. The locations of most of these sym genes were determined by classical linkage mapping. The loci were distributed on at least five of the seven chromosome