A mathematical simulation model of a 1985-era tilt-rotor passenger aircraft

A mathematical model for use in real-time piloted simulation of a 1985-era tilt rotor passenger aircraft is presented. The model comprises the basic six degrees-of-freedom equations of motion, and a large angle of attack representation of the airframe and rotor aerodynamics, together with equations and functions used to model turbine engine performance, aircraft control system and stability augmentation system. A complete derivation of the primary equations is given together with a description of the modeling techniques used. Data for the model is included in an appendix

Conceptual design study of a 1985 commercial STOL tilt rotor transport

Results of conceptual engineering design studies of a STOL tilt rotor commercial aircraft for the 1985 time frame are presented. The details of aircraft size, performance, flying qualities, noise, and cost are included. The savings in terms of fuel economy resulting from STOL operations compared with VTOL vehicles are determined

Vocales esvarabáticas en grupos consonánticos con elemento lateral

Este estudio examina la producción y percepción de los grupos consonánticos españoles cuyo segundo segmento es [l]. Esta lateral tiene rasgos vocálicos en su señal acústica, los cuales forman parte íntegra del sonido en base a su producción. Se analiza la naturaleza acústica de las características vocálicas inherentes en [l] con medios espectrográficos y luego se valora la importancia lingüística de estos indicios en la audición mediante una prueba perceptiva. En un experimento donde las vocales átonas que separan dos consonantes se abrevian poco a poco, los oyentes tienden a perder de conciencia la vocal ante lateral más que ante consonante no lateral. Este estudio apoya una explicación fonética para la síncopa vocálica en grupos consonánticos con elemento lateral en la evolución del español.This study examines the production and perception of Spanish consonant groupings whose second member is [l]. This lateral sound has vowel-like features in its speech signal, which is a natural component of its production characteristics. The acoustic nature of the vocalic qualities of Spanish [l] is reviewed by spectrographic means, whereas listeners’ linguistic awareness of this information is assessed through a perceptual test. An experiment in which unstressed vowels separating consonant clusters are gradually shortened reveals that sequences involving laterals are more sensitive to this effect than non-lateral groups. Results add support to an explanatory basis for the historical creation of Spanish blends through vowel syncope based on the phonetics of the language.Este estudio examina la producción y percepción de los grupos consonánticos españoles cuyo segundo segmento es [l]. Esta lateral tiene rasgos vocálicos en su señal acústica, los cuales forman parte íntegra del sonido en base a su producción. Se analiza la naturaleza acústica de las características vocálicas inherentes en [l] con medios espectrográficos y luego se valora la importancia lingüística de estos indicios en la audición mediante una prueba perceptiva. En un experimento donde las vocales átonas que separan dos consonantes se abrevian poco a poco, los oyentes tienden a perder de conciencia la vocal ante lateral más que ante consonante no lateral. Este estudio apoya una explicación fonética para la síncopa vocálica en grupos consonánticos con elemento lateral en la evolución del español

Conceptual engineering design studies of 1985-era commercial VTOL and STOL transports that utilize rotors

Conceptual design studies are summarized of tandem-rotor helicopter and tilt-rotor aircraft for a short haul transport mission in the 1985 time frame. Vertical takeoff designs of both configurations are discussed, and the impact of external noise criteria on the vehicle designs, performance, and costs are shown. A STOL design for the tilt-rotor configuration is reported, and the effect of removing the vertical takeoff design constraints on the design parameters, fuel economy, and operating cost is discussed

Identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the bovine Toll-like receptor 1 gene and association with health traits in cattle

Bovine mastitis remains the most common and costly disease of dairy cattle worldwide. A complementary control measure to herd hygiene and vaccine development would be to selectively breed cattle with greater resistance to mammary infection. Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) has an integral role for the initiation and regulation of the immune response to microbial pathogens, and has been linked to numerous inflammatory diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the bovine TLR1 gene (boTLR1) are associated with clinical mastitis (CM)

Prognostic model to predict postoperative acute kidney injury in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery based on a national prospective observational cohort study.

Background: Acute illness, existing co-morbidities and surgical stress response can all contribute to postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery. The aim of this study was prospectively to develop a pragmatic prognostic model to stratify patients according to risk of developing AKI after major gastrointestinal surgery. Methods: This prospective multicentre cohort study included consecutive adults undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection, liver resection or stoma reversal in 2-week blocks over a continuous 3-month period. The primary outcome was the rate of AKI within 7 days of surgery. Bootstrap stability was used to select clinically plausible risk factors into the model. Internal model validation was carried out by bootstrap validation. Results: A total of 4544 patients were included across 173 centres in the UK and Ireland. The overall rate of AKI was 14·2 per cent (646 of 4544) and the 30-day mortality rate was 1·8 per cent (84 of 4544). Stage 1 AKI was significantly associated with 30-day mortality (unadjusted odds ratio 7·61, 95 per cent c.i. 4·49 to 12·90; P < 0·001), with increasing odds of death with each AKI stage. Six variables were selected for inclusion in the prognostic model: age, sex, ASA grade, preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate, planned open surgery and preoperative use of either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker. Internal validation demonstrated good model discrimination (c-statistic 0·65). Discussion: Following major gastrointestinal surgery, AKI occurred in one in seven patients. This preoperative prognostic model identified patients at high risk of postoperative AKI. Validation in an independent data set is required to ensure generalizability

Immunity to Bovine Herpesvirus 1: I. Viral lifecycle and innate immunity

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) causes a variety of diseases and is globally distributed. It infects via mucosal epithelium, leading to rapid lytic replication and latent infection, primarily in sensory ganglia. Large amounts of virus can be excreted by the host on primary infection or upon recrudescence of latent infection, resulting in disease spread. The bovine immune response to BHV-1 is rapid, robust, balanced, and long-lasting. The innate immune system is the first to respond to the infection, with type I interferons (IFNs), inflammatory cytokines, killing of infected host cells, and priming of a balanced adaptive immune response. The virus possesses a variety of immune evasion strategies, including inhibition of type I IFN production, chemokine and complement binding, infection of macrophages and neutrophils, and latency. BHV-1 immune suppression contributes to the severity of its disease manifestations and to the bovine respiratory disease complex, the leading cause of cattle death loss in the USA