A Study of Anyon Statistics by Breit Hamiltonian Formalism

We study the anyon statistics of a $2 + 1$ dimensional Maxwell-Chern-Simons (MCS) gauge theory by using a systemmetic metheod, the Breit Hamiltonian formalism.Comment: 25 pages, LATE

Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Spark-Ignition Engine

Transient heat flux measurements were obtained at four positions on the cylinder head of a four-stroke single-cylinder spark-ignition engine. Tests were performed for both fired and motored operation of the engine. The primary engine operational variable was engine speed. The results showed that the heat flux varies considerably with position of measurement. At fired conditions, the initial high rate of increase of heat flux at each position of measurement correlated with the calculated time of arrival of the flame at that position. Finally, as expected, the peak heat flux was found to increase with increased engine speed.</jats:p

Combustion Characteristics of a Single-Cylinder Open-Chamber Diesel Engine

The combustion characteristics of an open-chamber diesel engine were examined by means of heat-release analysis and flame luminosity measurements. Increasing the load was found to decrease premixed burning and correspondingly to increase diffusion burning. During most of the diffusion combustion the burning rate of the fuel appeared to be directly proportional to the amount of unburned fuel present in the cylinder. The duration of heat release in crank-angle degrees increased linearly with load and, in general, increased with decreasing engine speed and retarded injection timing. The measured duration of flame luminosity was significantly longer than the calculated duration of heat release, which suggested that emission of radiation continued long after the heat-release reactions ceased.</jats:p

Heat Release Studies in a Divided-Chamber Diesel Engine

The influences of operational parameters on the heat release and heat transfer characteristics of a divided-chamber diesel engine were examined. Increasing the fuel-air ratio increased the heat release rate, as expected, and increased the duration of combustion. Near the beginning and end of combustion the mass-burned rate was found to increase in direct proportion to an increase of engine speed. In contrast, in the central part of the combustion duration, the mass-burned rate was found to increase at a higher rate than engine speed. For motored conditions, the computed area-averaged heat-flux histories were found to be in reasonable agreement with the corresponding measured local heat-flux histories.</jats:p