Serodiagnosis in plant pathology: Present status and future prospects

When any foreign protein (antigen) such as virus, fungi or a bacterial protein is injected into a mammal or a bird, it induces the animal to produce specific proteins called antibodies. After their production antibodies react specifically to the portion of the pathogen called as antigenic determinant. From diverse population of antibodies found in sera of immunized animals, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) consist of homogeneous antibody molecules. MAbs have the same specificity and affinity for an antigenic determinant. They have been widely applied in the areas of medical, veterinary and agricultural sciences as they confer the advantage of defined specificity and quick availability of unlimited quantities. The production of MAbs is possible through hybridoma technology. MAbs have now been developed that are specific for genus, species and isolates of plant pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi, mycoplasma like organism (MLOs) and nematodes. MAbs are used in detection and quantification of pathogens. In serological testing the pathogen and its antibody are brought in contact in several ways such as ring interface test, micro precipitin test, diffusion test, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunosorbent electron microscopy and immunofluorescent staining. Serology also helps to understand antigenic structure of viruses, characterization of function of particle proteins that facilitate recognition by the vector and serological relationship among viruses. New ways to produce antibodies that have been developed using DNA-technology also called as recombinant antibodies are discussed in detail.  ÂÂ

PENDAMPINGAN LEMBAGA KURSUS DAN PELATIHAN DARADAENG GYMNASTIC MAKASSAR MELALUI PENINGKATAN MANAGEMEN MARKETING BERBASIS DIGITAL CAMPAIGN

Secara historis Lembaga kursus dan pelatihan (Lkp) Daradaeng Gymnastic telah menorehkan tinta emas berupa pencapaian prestasi olahraga untuk Kota Makassar dan Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Potensi dan prestasi tersebut tidak sejalan dengan kondisi finansial dan kemampuan menjalankan usahanya, salah-satunya sistem pemasarannya yang masih sangat konvensional yakni dari mulut ke mulut sehingga dibutuhkan publikasi yang lebih massif. Untuk itu solusi yang diupayakan berupa pendampingan dan penerapan managemen marketing berbasis Digital Campaign  yang terdiri dari penerapan influenser marketing dan Affiliate Marketing, Radio and Television Advertaising, Social Media Marketing (SMM), Email Marketing, Instant Messaging Marketing. Pendekatan yang ditawarkan untuk merealisasikan pengabdian ini melalui model pemberdayaan masyarakat. Hasil pengabdian dapat dilihat dari gambaran jumlah interaksi setiap postingan menggunakan Search Engine Optimization (SEO), bahwa managemen marketing berbasis Digital Campaign mampu menarik perhatian masyarakat pengguna media sosial dengan nilai jangkauan tertinggi mencapai 1.600 dan terendah 393 jangkauan untuk empat postingan terpopuler, adapun interaksi tertinggi mencapai 245 dan terendah 86 interaksi untuk empat postingan terpopuler yang di publikasikan sejak tanggal 13 Juni sampai dengan 21 September 2022, dan diharapkan akan terus-menerus meningkat. Publikasi yang massif tersebut diharapkan akan sejalan dengan penambahan jumlah member Lkp Daradaeng Gymnastic untuk kemudian mampu meningkatkan finansialny