Exploring the Interaction Dynamics of Azo Ester Fluorophores and Insulin: A Spectroscopic and Molecular Docking Approach

properties. Diabetes is a killing disease, especially for people who cannot maintain a healthy lifestyle. People with diabetes need additional information about a supplement that can prevent and            treat diabetes. The present study aims to investigate the interaction of insulin with AEF using fluorescence spectroscopy, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and molecular docking methods. As an outcome of this study, we expect to understand the contribution of AEF in insulin resistance. The fluorescence spectroscopy results showed that the peak intensity of insulin emission decreased with AEF. The interaction of insulin with AEF involved a quenching effects. The interaction occurred through hydrogen bonding, van der Waal, and was hydrophobic. The results of UV–Vis spectroscopy showed that the addition of AEF caused a peak in a red shift, and the absorbance was hyperchromic. To further investigate the nature of the interaction between insulin and the AEF, various hydrogen-bonding solutes such as urea, guanidine hydrochloride, and acetamide were introduced, and their photophysical properties were studied. The molecular docking study showed that AEF interacts via hydrogen bonding with aspargine, tyrosine, glutamic acid and arginine. Hydrophobic interactions occurred in glutamic acid and tyrosine. The interaction of electrons occurred through the π orbitals of AEF with tyrosine A and