Perspectives on Competition Law: Problems and Solutions

This essay suggests that it does not follow that competition between jurisdictions is good merely because competition between economic operators in pursuit of economic goals is a good thing. The result, as the discussion on television indicated, may simply be a jurisdictional mess, as Dr. Markus Wagemann put it. You end up with all sorts of people seeking to pursue their own values: cultural values, regional values, and linguistic values; and the economic operator simply does not know where he or she stands in this jurisdictional competition. This point can perhaps be completed by simply mentioning a remark made to me by Klaus Dieter Ehlermann, the former Director General of Competition and of the legal service of the Commission: ‘It is the lawyers who make the good distinctions; politicians only make the distinctions that are convenient for them.‘ It is important to begin by making sure what we are talking about. My second point arises out of Professor Dr. Friedl Weiss\u27s paper. From the vantage point of a judge, we are increasingly faced, not with a hierarchy of norms, but a competition between norms of apparently equal value. This essay then reflects that this is not the first time we have experienced a world in which there was the fullest competition between lower level jurisdictions. Third, this essay considers the importance of taking state aid into account. This essay concludes that greater jurisdictional autonomy leads to greater barriers to trade

Aspects of the biology of the lagoon crab Callinectes amnicola (Derocheburne) in Badagry, Lagos and Lekki lagoons, Nigeria

A preliminary report of the size, composition, growth pattern and food habits of the blue crab, Callinectes amnicola, (De Rocheburne) in the Badagry, Lagos and Lekki Lagoons (Nigeria) is presented. The collection of crabs from the three lagoons covered the period from May 1999 to October 2000. The carapace length for Badagry Lagoon ranged from 2.2 cm to 16.4 cm with weight of 4.4 g to 252.6 g. The crabs showed a unimodal size distribution. For the Lagos Lagoon, crabs sizes ranged from 3.5 cm to 16.8 cm and weighed 3.28 to 277.1 g. The sizes of crabs in the Lekki Lagoon ranged from 3.5 cm to 16.1 cm and weighed 3.5 g to 262.7 g. Crabs from the three lagoons exhibited negative allometric growth. The food items were similar in the three lagoons and comprised mainly mollusc shells, fish parts, shrimps and crab appendages and occasionally higher plant material

First quantized electron and photon model of QED and radiative processes

In this study we combine the classical models of the massive and massless spinning particles, derive the current-current interaction Lagrangian of the particles from the gauge transformations of the classical spinors, and discuss radiative processes in electrodynamics by using the solutions of the Dirac equation and the quantum wave equations of the photon. The longitudinal polarized photon states give a new idea about the vacuum concept in electrodynamics.Comment: LaTeX file, 20 pages, 7 figures. to appear in Canadian Journal of Physic

Entropy Generation in MHD Flow of a Uniformly Stretched Vertical Permeable Surface under Oscillatory Suction Velocity

This paper reports the analytical calculation of the entropy generation due to heat and mass transfer and fluid friction in steady state of a uniformly stretched vertical permeable surface with heat and mass diffusive walls, by solving analytically the mass, momentum, species concentration and energy balance equation, using asymptotic method. The velocity, temperature and concentration profiles were reported and discussed. The influences of the chemical reaction parameter, the thermal and mass Grashof numbers, heat generation/absorption and Hartmann number on total entropy generation were investigated, reported and discussed

Nonperturbative late time asymptotics for heat kernel in gravity theory

Recently proposed nonlocal and nonperturbative late time behavior of the heat kernel is generalized to curved spacetimes. Heat kernel trace asymptotics is dominated by two terms one of which represents a trivial covariantization of the flat-space result and another one is given by the Gibbons-Hawking integral over asymptotically-flat infinity. Nonlocal terms of the effective action generated by this asymptotics might underly long- distance modifications of the Einstein theory motivated by the cosmological constant problem. New mechanisms of the cosmological constant induced by infrared effects of matter and graviton loops are briefly discussed.Comment: 22 pages, LaTeX, final version, to be published in Phys. Rev.

Contributions of the seasonal and long term flood patterns of River Niger to the development and control of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in Kainji Lake, Nigeria

(6 page document