Production and transfer of energy and information in Hamiltonian systems

We present novel results that relate energy and information transfer with sensitivity to initial conditions in chaotic multi-dimensional Hamiltonian systems. We show the relation among Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy, Lyapunov exponents, and upper bounds for the Mutual Information Rate calculated in the Hamiltonian phase space and on bi-dimensional subspaces. Our main result is that the net amount of transfer from kinetic to potential energy per unit of time is a power-law of the upper bound for the Mutual Information Rate between kinetic and potential energies, and also a power-law of the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy. Therefore, transfer of energy is related with both transfer and production of information. However, the power-law nature of this relation means that a small increment of energy transferred leads to a relatively much larger increase of the information exchanged. Then, we propose an ?experimental? implementation of a 1-dimensional communication channel based on a Hamiltonian system, and calculate the actual rate with which information is exchanged between the first and last particle of the channel. Finally, a relation between our results and important quantities of thermodynamics is presented

Public Policy Making Process in the United Arab Emirates

As “governance” gains momentum as one of the trajectories of the twenty-first century, the interest among ordinary citizens and practitioners in understanding how governments make policies is picking up speed as well. This chapter explores how policy agenda is set, formulated, and comes into law in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Selected theoretical models of policy making and how each might explain this important activity in the UAE are also examined

Principais instrumentos para avaliação da disfunção temporomandibular, parte I: índices e questionários; uma contribuição para a prática clínica e de pesquisa

Na literatura especializada, encontram-se variados instrumentos para avaliação da disfunção temporomandibular (DTM), sob a forma de índices, questionários, protocolos, escalas de avaliação e critérios de diagnóstico. Este estudo, dividido em duas partes, visou caracterizar os principais instrumentos de avaliação da DTM disponíveis na literatura, para auxiliar o clínico e o pesquisador na correta escolha da ferramenta apropriada para contemplar seus objetivos clínicos ou científicos. Nesta parte I são apresentados dois índices clínicos e três questionários (anamnésicos e funcionais); na parte II, um questionário funcional e dois conjuntos de critérios diagnósticos. Os índices são ferramentas que organizam a avaliação de sinais e sintomas, pela obtenção de pontuações. Os questionários são melhor aplicados para traçar perfis populacionais em estudos epidemiológicos. Para avaliação dos eventuais impactos da DTM nas atividades de vida diária, os questionários funcionais são mais adequados. Finalmente, há poucos conjuntos de critérios sistematizados para obter o diagnóstico da disfunção. A utilização de uma ou outra ferramenta depende de sua aplicabilidade e dos objetivos do profissional que a irá utilizar.Several instruments for assessing temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are available in literature, such as indices, questionnaires, protocols, scales, and diagnostic criteria. The purpose of this study, divided into two parts, was to characterise main tools available for TMD evaluation, so as to offer both researchers and clinicians guiding information on instrument selection according to their clinical or research needs. Two clinical indices and three (anamnestic and functional) questionnaires are presented here in part I; and, in part II, one functional questionnaire and two diagnostic criteria. Indices consist of organised forms for assigning scores to signs and symptoms thus obtaining severity degrees. Questionnaires are better employed for epidemiological purposes. Functional questionnaires are better used to estimate impact of TMD on daily life activities. There are few specific sets of systematised diagnostic criteria available for diagnosing TMD. The use of either tool depends on its applicability and on the user's purposes